Organic and inorganic supplementation of Cu and Se in the diets of Normande dairy cows

Objective. To evaluate the effects of organic and inorganic copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) on milk production, milk quality and reproductive parameters of Normande dairy cows. Materials and methods. 36 multiparous cows (BW = 600 ± 32 kg) were used, distributed in completely randomized blocks. Treatments were: Control: without mineral supplementation, IS: inorganic mineral supplementation with Cu and Se, IS+OS: 50% Inorganic supplementation + 50% organic supplementation, with an experimental period of 150 days (30 days before calving and 120 days of lactation). The variables evaluated were milk production and quality (total solids, protein, fat, somatic cells and MUN), blood metabolites (glucose, betahydroxybutyrate and BUN) and reproductive parameters (open days, days to first service and services per conception). Results. No differences were observed in milk production and quality (p>0.05). However, open days and services per conception were shorter when cows were supplemented with organic minerals (p<0.05). Conclusions. In this study milk production, milk quality and blood metabolites were not affected by supplementation with Se and Cu. However, the reproductive parameters of the cows improved when supplemented with organic Se and Cu.


INTRODUCTION
Mineral deficiency and imbalance in the diet are of the main causes of low productivity in grazing cattle, since pasture-based feeding is insufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of minerals (1). However, in order to reach the mineral requirements in animals, inorganic sources have been used in the formulation of salts and supplements such as oxides and sulfates (2). None less, at the end of the 1980s, chelated organic minerals were developed as an alternative to traditional sources of minerals (2,3). The main advantages of the use of chelates is greater bioavailability, less toxicity and little antagonism with different sources of minerals, fibers or fats (4,5,6).
Changes in physiological status of dairy cattle during the transition period are the most critical and stressful time faced by a dairy cow during her lifetime (7,8). During the transition period, dairy cattle are more susceptible to a variety of metabolic and infectious diseases, due to multiple physiological and environmental factors that occur at this moment, this leads to the development of an oxidative stress process in the animals. Oxidative stress has an important role in tissue damage and leads to pathological conditions. Tissue defense mechanisms against free-radical damage generally include vitamins, and several metalloenzymes which include glutathione peroxidase (Se) and superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn, Cr and Mn) are also critical in protecting the internal cellular constituents from oxidative damage. Only when these microminerals are offered in the diet in sufficient amounts, the animal body can synthesize these antioxidant enzymes (9,10).
In contrast, copper and selenium deficiency has been associated with a decrease in the reproductive parameters, as well as a decrease in milk production, lower daily weight gain and greater susceptibility to developing diseases (11,12). Due that, selenium and copper act as cofactors in numerous biochemical reactions (13). Selenium plays an important role in the regulation of various metabolic processes and is an integral part of selenoproteins (14). However, the physiological role of selenium is mainly concentrated in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), therefore, it has been suggested that selenium could improve immunity, growth, reproductive performance (15). On the other hand, copper is essential for erythropoiesis, transport and use of iron in the biosynthesis of hemoglobin and osteogenesys (13). It is also required as a cofactor in the enzyme superoxide dismutase ceruloplasmin and cytochrome C oxidase (16). However, the studies that evaluate the effect of organic Cu and Se supplementation in grazing conditions in the high tropics are scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of organic copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) on production and milk quality and reproductive parameters of Normande dairy cows.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Local. The experiment was carried out on the farm "Las Mercedes" in the rural area of Bogotá savanna; located at the geographical coordinates 4-75'6644' North Latitude and 74-08'4010' West Latitude, with an average temperature of 13.6ºC, a height of 2542 meters above sea level, annual precipitation of 1000 mm and relative humidity between 78-83%.

Cows and treatments.
There were used thirtysix multiparous Normande cows averaging (3.2±1.5 births) and 600 ± 32 kg body weight, in a design of completely randomized block. Treatments were: Control: without supplementation of Cu and Se, IS: Inorganic supplementation (Copper Sulfate and Sodium Selenite) IS+OS: 50% Inorganic supplementation and 50% organic supplementation (Copper B-traxim ® and Seleno-methionine Selemax ® ), cows were assigned to each block according to the probable date of birth.
Cows were kept in a rotational grazing system of Pennisetum clandestinum and Lolium multiflorum with formulated concentrate supplementation to fulfill nutritional requirements according to NRC, (17). 30 days before calving the cows received 1 kg of concentrate and 70 gr of the mineral supplement. After delivery and until 120 days of lactation the cows received 4 kg of concentrate and 150 gr of mineral supplement. The composition of diets, ingredients and supplements are shown in Table 1. Samples of concentrated and forage were predried for 72 hours in an air circulation stove at 55°C and ground in Willey type mills (1 mm) and were analyzed in the animal nutrition laboratory of the University of Tolima. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ashes were determined using the methods of (18) NDF and ADF according to (19).
Milk production and quality. Production data were collected during 120 days after calving of each cow (Kg / day) in the two milking daily periods (5:00 a.m. -2:00 p.m.) was taken into account. Milk samples were taken at 30, 60 and 120 days in the morning milking, 40 mL of milk were collected per cow in plastic bottles with preservative (Proponol), and were identified, then stored at 4ºC and sent to the milk quality laboratory of the University of Antioquia, where it was determined: total solids, protein, fat, somatic cells count (SCC) and urea nitrogen in milk (MUN).
Blood Metabolites. Blood samples were Collected 15 days before calving and 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after calving, blood samples were obtained by puncturing the jugular vein and the blood were transport in vacutainer® tubes without anticoagulant. Then samples were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3500 rpm for serum separation, subsequently packed in 1 ml eeppendorf tubes, which were stored at -20°C and then sent to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory of the University of Tolima (LADIVE), for the determination of glucose, betahydroxybutyrate and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) using commercial kits and a Biosystems ® A15 automatic system.

Mineral excretion.
Samples of feces were collected per animal (500 g) every 15 days directly from the rectum twice a day, in the morning and in the afternoon after feeding; the samples were duly stored in bags, identified with the animal ID number, treatment, and stored in the freezer at -20°C;

RESULTS
Milk production and quality. Average milk production during the experiment was 23.52; 25.25 and 23.46 for Control, IS and IS+OS, respectively. Milk production was not affected by treatment (p>0.05). Similarly, there were not differences in total solids, fat, protein, and lactose in milk (Table 2).

DISCUSSION
In this study, milk production and quality were not affected with the supplementation of Cu and Se, in this sense, Bacnicka et al (20) found that when supplementing Holstein dairy cows with sodium selenium (5.88-7.43 mg / cow / day) and Selenium-yeast (6 mg / cow / day) between 150 and 240 days of lactation, no differences were found in milk production and quality. Regarding the appropriate concentration in the diet Sun et al (21) evaluated the effect of different doses of sodium selenite and hydroxy-Selenomethionine (0; 0.1; 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg DM), observed that neither the level of supplementation nor the source of Se were not affected of milk production and quality, except percentage of fat, that increased linearly as the level of organic Se supplementation increased. This is consistent with was reported by many authors who found that there were no differences in milk production and quality when using organic or inorganic sources (22,23,24)or a total mixed ration (TMR. However, several authors have reported an increase in milk production by supplementing with organic Se in goats (20,25).
The somatic cell count (SCC) was affected by supplementation. Phipps et al (26), reported that supplementation with Se increases the concentration of GSH-Px, contributing to reduce the incidence of mastitis (lower number SCC). Regarding Copper, Yamamoto et al (27), concluded that supplementation with 125 mg of Copper daily, contributed to increase milk production by 5% compared to treatment without supplementation, however no effect was found on SCC versus the Control group, which differs from those reported by Griffiths et al (28), who observed that dietary supplementation with a combination of organic trace minerals increased milk yield, but did not affected the composition of the same.
Blood metabolites measured in this study (BUN, Glucose and BHB) were not affected by supplementation with Cu and Se (organic and inorganic). The values of biochemical indicators obtained in this study are within normal reference ranges (20). However, Juniper et al (29) and Phipps et al (26), indicate that equal amounts of Se in organic or inorganic form do not cause differences in chemical composition of blood vs a non-supplemented cow; Likewise, Yamamoto et al (27) report that the dietary combination of copper, zinc, manganese and cobalt does not affect blood parameters of BUN and Glucose in Holstein cows in lactation. Similarly, in other studies they report that supplementation of organic trace minerals or the replacement of inorganic form of trace minerals with an organic form in the diet does not affect biochemical parameters of plasma (30,31).
Although there were differences between the amount of copper from organic and inorganic sources, it is found that these are within the established reference values for lactating animals, in the same way NRC (17) describes that copper has an absorption that ranges between 1 and 5% of dietary copper and that inorganic sources such as copper sulfate which was used in this experiment as an inorganic source have a high bioavailability.
In another study conducted by Cetz et al (32) reported the decrease of minerals in feces with the use of chelated minerals in the supplementation of heifers, since these present a better use or absorption in the body of ruminants.
Organic Se and Cu supplementation in this study showed differences in the reduction of days at first service compared to inorganic Se and Cu treatment and Control group. Griffiths et al (28), reported that increased copper intake in dairy cattle through supplementation of complex trace mineral sources increases fertility and decreases the days at first serviced compared to Control cows. On the other hand, Campbell et al (30)  Copper and selenium are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins, including prostaglandin F2 alpha, which is the one in the corpus luteum to perform luteolysis and restart the estrous cycle, thus avoiding delay or cancellation of jealousy (35). Also, copper is reported to work together with a large number of proteins such as ceruloplasmin, which is essential for the absorption and transport of iron, just as this is necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin and superoxide dismutase, the latter responsible for protecting cells from the toxic effects of reactive oxygen metabolites; by decreasing this activity, the ability of cells to kill and phagocyte the organisms decreases, which favors the presence of infectious problems and this in turn is reflected in fetus abortions or placental retention (36).
In addition to this, selenium is also relate to placental retention, endometritis and low conception. According to Todorović et al (37) and Balamurugan et al (36), this mineral is a fundamental part of the enzyme Glutathione Peroxidase, which, like, superoxide dismutase, is responsible for protecting the cells from over-oxidation produced by peroxides. The muscle cells are highly oxidative due to the constant activity to which they are subject, therefore Selenium is important to strengthen them, among them the myometrium, favoring postpartum uterine involution. Similarly, the decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity can lead to immunological problems, favoring the presence of infections (38,39,40).
Finally, the tendency to decrease those by conception with the use of organic Cu and Se, being more marked with the use of organic minerals, without having a significant statistical result, the economic difference in the value of a day is recognizable opened in the specialized dairy, as well as the value of the insemination service.
In conclusion, Supplementation with organic minerals (Cu and Se) does not improve milk production and composition. However, the reproductive parameters of the cows improved when supplemented with organic Se and Cu. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out more studies that help to understand the exact mechanism by which these trace minerals act positively on reproduction.

Interest conflict
The authors have no conflicts of interest.