El canibalismo en la larvicultura de peces

The cannibalism in the fish larviculture

La conducta caníbal es común en los peces y se le considera una de las principales causas de mortalidad en la larvicultura. Esta conducta se define como un tipo especial de predación que consiste en matar a un coespecífico para consumirlo parcial o totalmente. El canibalismo ha sido clasificado en siete tipos dependiendo del estado de desarrollo de la presa, parentesco caníbal-presa y la relación de edad entre caníbal y presa. En la larvicultura el tipo de canibalismo es intracohorte o intercohorte. Además, se discuten las principales causas endógenas y exógenas que estimulan la ocurrencia del canibalismo en la naturaleza. Entre las causas endógenas se resalta la piscivoría, el cuidado parental y las diferencias de tamaño. Entre las causas exógenas se resalta la disponilidad de alimento y la densidad poblacional. Esta revisión presenta un listado de 55 especies de peces con potencialidad e importancia en la piscicultura que registran canibalismo durante la larvicultura. Como el canibalismo es una conducta adaptativa en condiciones de escasez de alimento, en la larvicultura su principal causa está asociada a la disponibilidad del alimento. Al final de la revisión se ofrecen recomendaciones para su control en la larvicultura.

1. Sweetman J. Managerial procedures and cost effectiveness in larval rearing. Spec Pub Eur Aquacult Soc 1991; 15: 385.
3. Polis G, Myers C. A survey of intraespecific predation among reptiles and amphibians. J Herp 1985; 19: 99-107. https://doi.org/10.2307/1564425
5. Smith C, Reay P. Cannibalism in teleost fish. Rev Fish Biol Fish 1991; 1: 41-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00042661
7. Dominey J, Blummer L. Cannibalism and early life stages of fishes. In: Hausfater G, Hardy SB (Eds). Infanticide comparative and evolutionary perspective. New York: Aldine; 1984.
9. Ricker W. Stock and recruitment. J Fish Res Bd Can 1954; 11: 559-623. https://doi.org/10.1139/f54-039
11. Hecht T, Pienaar A. A review of cannibalism and its implications in fish larviculture. J World Aquacult Soc 1993; 24: 246-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1993.tb00014.x
13. Sakakura Y, Tsukamoto K. Onset and development of cannibalistic behaviour in early life stages of Yellowtail. J Fish Biol 1996; 48: 16-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01415.x
15. Cuff W. Behavioural aspects of canibalism in larval walleyes Stizostedion vitreum. Can J Zool 1980; 58: 1504-7. https://doi.org/10.1139/z80-207
17. Lodman N, Moodie G, Mathias J. Significance of cannibalism in larval walleye (Stizostedium vitreum). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 1986; 43: 613-618. https://doi.org/10.1139/f86-073
19. Van Damme P, Appelbaum S, Hecht T. Sibling cannibalism in koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L., larvae and juveniles reared under controlled conditions. J Fish Biol 1989; 34: 855-863. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03369.x
21. Sparholt H. Fish species interactions in the Baltic Sea. Dana 1994; 10: 131-162.
23. He X, LaBar G. Interactive effects of cannibalism, recrutment, and predation on rainbow smelt in Lake Champlain: A modeling synthesis. J Graet Lakes Res 1994; 20: 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71148-5
25. Svenning M, Borgstrom R. Population structure in landlocked spistbergen Artic Charr–sustained by cannibalism? Nord J Freswt Res 1995; 71: 424-431.
27. Dong Q, DeAngelis D. Consequences and competition for food in Smallmouth Bass population: an individual-based modeling study. Trans Amer Fish Soc 1998; 127: 174-191. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0174:COCACF>2.0.CO;2
29. Kodrich-Brown A. Determinans of male reproductive sucess in pufish (Cyprinodon pecoensis). Anim Behav 1983; 31: 128-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80180-8
31. Keenleyside M, Bailey R, Young V. Variation in the mating system and associated parental behaviour of captive and free-living Cichlassoma nigrofasciatum (Pisces, Cichlidae). Behaviour 1990; 112: 202-21. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853990X00202
33. Rohwer S. Parent cannibalism of offspring and egg-raiding as a courtship strategy. Am Nat 1978; 111: 429-40. Atencio – El canibalismo en la larvicultura 16
35. Hecht T, Appelbaum S. Observations on intraspecific aggression and coeval sibling cannibalism by larva and juvenile Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae: Pisces) under controled conditions. J Zool 1988; 214: 21-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb04984.x
37. Bristow B, Summerfelt R. Perfomance of larval walleye cultured intensively in clear and turbid water. J World Aquacult Soc 1994; 25: 454-464. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1994.tb00230.x
39. Hochleithner M. Growth of variousn sturgeon species (Acipenserinae) under aquaculture conditions. Spec Pub Eur Aquacult Soc1993; 19: 233.
41. Degani G, Levanon D. The influence of low density on food adaptation, cannibalism and growth of eels (Anguilla anguilla L). Bamidgeh 1983; 35: 53-60.
43. Watanabe K. Mating behaviour and larval development of Pseudobagrus ichikawai (Siluriformes: Bagreidae). Jap J Icthyol 1994; 41: 243-251.
45. Smigielsky A. Hormone-induced spawnings of the summer flounder and rearing of the larvae in the laboratory. The Prog Fish Cult 1975; 37: 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1975)37[3:HSOTSF]2.0.CO;2
47. Fujiya M. Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) farming in Japan. J Fish Res Bd Can 1976; 33: 911-915. https://doi.org/10.1139/f76-117
49. Shafland P, Kochl D. Laboratory rearing of the common snokk. In: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Nashville, Tennessee USA 1980; 425-431.
51. Dowd C, Clarke M. An experimental investigation of cannibalism in hatcheryreared juvenile redfish (Sciaenops ocellatus) and Snook (Centropomus undecimalis). In: Blaxter JHS, Gamble JC, Von Westernhagen H. (eds.). The early life Story of Fish 1989; 191-486.
53. Cerqueira V. Observações preliminares sobre o crescimento de juvenis de robalo, Centropomus parallelus e Centropomus undecimalis, con dieta naturais e artificias. In: Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Engenheria de Pesca. 1995; Santo, Recife. 85-93.
55. MacKinnon M. Barramundi breeding and culture in Thailand. In: Queensland Dpt. of Primary Industries Study Tour report; 1985 June 1-21; Sohgkhla, Thailand.
57. Qin J, Fast A. Size and feed dependent cannibalism with juvenile Snakehead Channa striatus. Aquaculture 1996; 144: 313-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(96)01299-9
59. Bais V, Takur S, Agrawal N. Food and feeding activity of Channa punctatus (Bloch). J Freshwat Biol 1994; 6: 247-251.
61. Toledo J, Gaitan A. Egg cannibalism by Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) spawners in circular floating net cage. J Appl Ichthyol 1992; 8: 257-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1992.tb00692.x
63. Ostrowski A, Iwai T, Monaham S, Unger S, Dagdagan D, Murakawa P, Schivel A, Pigao C. Nursery production tecnology for Pacific Threadfin (Polidactylus sexfilis) . Aquaculture 1996; 139: 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01162-5
65. Bernardino G, Senhorini J, Fontes N, Bock C, Mendoça J. Propagaçâo artificial do matrincha, Brycon cephalus (Guenther, 1869), (Teleostei, Characidae). Bol Tec CEPTA; 1993; 6: 1-9.
67. Mendonça J. Criação de espécies do gênero Brycon no CEPTA/IBAMA. In: Anais do Primer Seminário sobre criação de espécies do gênero Brycon; 1994; Pirassununga, Brasil: CEPTA 31-48.
69. Otero R. Reproducción y técnica de propagación de la dorada Brycon moorei sinuensis Dahl, 1955. In: Memorias 2ª Reunión Red Nacional de Acuicultura; 1988, Neiva; 157-168.
71. Baras E, Ndao M, Maxi M, Jeandrain D, Thomé J, Vandewalle P, Mélard C. Sibling cannibalism in dorada under experimental condictions. I. Ontogeny, dynamics, bioenergetics of cannibalism and prey size selectivity. J Fish Biol 2000; 57: 1001-20. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2000.1366
73. Piovezan U. Efeito da Dieta na sobrevivência de larvas de Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus)-CAUNESP. In: Anais do Primer Seminário sobre criação de espécies do gênero Brycon; Pirassununga, Brasil: CEPTA 1994; 18-21.
75. Belmont R. Considerações sobre a propagação artificial da piracanjuba, Brycon orbignyanus – CESP. In: Anais do Primer Seminário sobre criação de espécies do gênero Brycon; Pirassununga, Brasil: CEPTA 1994; 17-18.
77. Woynarovich E, Sato J. Special rearing of larvae and post-larvae of matrinchã (Brycon lundii) and dourado (Salminus brasiliensis). In: Harvey B, Carolsfeld J. (eds). Proceedings of the Workshop on larval rearing of finfish. [s.l.]: CIDA/ CASAFA/ICSU 1990; 134-136.
79. Faria C. Propagação artificial de piabanha (Brycon insignis) na seção de hirobiologia e aquicultura de Paraibuna-CESP. In: Anais do Primer Seminário sobre criação de espécies do gênero Brycon; Pirassununga, Brasil: CEPTA 1994; 9-15.
81. Venegas S, Lombo A. Larvicultura y alevinaje del yamú Brycon siebenthalae (EIGENMANN, 1912). Tesis de pregado. Bogotá: Universidad de la Salle 1996.
83. Atencio-García V, Zaniboni-Filho E, Pardo- Carrasco S, Arias-Castellanos A. Influência da primeira alimentação na larvicultura e alevinagem do yamú Brycon siebenthalae. Acta Scientarium 2003; 25: 61-72. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v25i1.2092
85. Uchida R, King J. Tank culture of tilapia. U.S. Fisheries and Wildlife Service Fisheries Bulletin 1962; 199: 21-52.
87. Macintosh D, De Silva S. The influence of stocking density and food ration on fry survival and growth in Oreochromis mossambicus and O. miloticus female x O. aureus male hybrids reared in a closed circulated system. Aquaculture 1984; 41:345-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(84)90202-3
89. Ellis S, Watanabe W, Head W. Effect of initial age variation on production of Florida Red Tilapia fry under intensive brackishwater tank culture. Aquacult Fish Manage 1993; 24: 465-475. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1993.tb00621.x
91. Pantastico J, Dangilan M, Eguia R. Cannibalism among different sizes of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry/fingerlings and the effect of natural food. In: Pullin RSV, Bhukaswan T, Tonguthai K, Maclaen JL. (eds.). Proceedings of the 2th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture; Manila ICLARM 1988; 465-468.
92. Fermin A, Bolivar M. Larval rearing of the Philippine freshwater catfish, Clarias macrocephalus (Günther), fed live zooplankton and artificial diet: A preliminary study. Bamidgeh 1991; 43: 87-94.
94. Baras E. Sibling cannibalism among juvenile vundu under controlled conditions. I. Cannibalistic behaviour, prey selection and prey size selectivity. J Fish Biol 1999; 54: 82-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00614.x
96. Kraul S, Brittain K, Cantrell R, Nagao T. Nutritional factors affecting stress resistence in the larva mahimahi Coryphaena hippurus. J World Aquacult Soc 1993; 24: 186-193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1993.tb00007.x
98. Bry C, Gillet C. Reduction du cannibalisme precoce chez le brochet (Esox lucio) par isolement des fratries. Bulletin Francaise Pisciculture 1980; 277: 142-153. https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae:1980010
100. Giovinazzo G. Growth, mortality and cannibalism in laboratory-reared pike (Esox lucius L.). Riv Idrobiol 1987; 26: 56-66.
102. Hancz C. Propagation, rearing of the larvae and fry of two carnivorous fish species (Hoplias lacerde, Lophiosilurus alexandri) in Brasil. Halaszat 1994; 3: 136-140.
104. Oiestad V. Predation on fish larvae as a regulatory force, illustrated in mesocosm studies with large groups of larvae. NAFO Scientific Council Studies 1985; 8: 25-32.
106. Otteraa H, Lie O. Weaning trials cod (Gadus morhua) fry on formuled diets. Atencio – El canibalismo en la larvicultura Fiskeridir Skr Ernaering 1991; 4: 85-94.
108. Braid M, Shell E. Incidence of cannibalism among striped bass fry in an intensive culture system. The Prog Fish Cult 1981; 43: 211-212. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1981)43[210:IOCASB]2.0.CO;2
110. Paller M, Lewis W. The effects of diet on growth depensation and cannibalism among intensively cultured larval striped bass. The Prog Fish Cult 1987; 49: 270-275. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1987)49<270:EODOGD>2.0.CO;2
112. Denson M, Smith T. Larval rearing and weaning techniques for White Bass Morone chrysops. J World Aquacult Soc 1996; 27: 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1996.tb00269.x
114. Katavic I, Judgujakovic J, Glamuzina B. Cannibalism as a factor affecting the survival of intensively cultured sea bass (Dicentrarcus labrax) fingerlings. Aquaculture 1989; 77: 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(89)90197-X
116. Krise W, Meade J. Review of the intensive culture of walleye fry. The Prog Fish Cult 1986; 48: 81-89. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48<81:ROTICO>2.0.CO;2
118. McIntyre D, Ward F, Swanson G. Facors affecting cannibalism by pond-reared juvenels walleyes. The Prog Fish Cult 1987; 49: 264-269. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1987)49<264:FACBPJ>2.0.CO;2
120. Kestemont P, Melard C, Fiogbe E, Vlavonou R, Masson G. Larval and post-larval rearing of european perch Pe r c a f l u v i a t i l i s : Ontogeny of digestive system, growth and nutritional requirements. In: Kestemont P, Dabrowski K. (eds). Workshop on Aquaculture of percids, Short Communications 1995; 20-24.
122. Rideg A, Rideg G. Rearing of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) in recycling system. Halaszat 1992; 3: 141-144.
124. Shirahata S. On "cannibalism" in the raimbow trout fingerling, Salmo gairdneri irideus. Japanese Journal of Ecology 1964; 14: 25-32.
126. Masaila C, Masaila R, Carans J. On the alimentary stress induced to the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Rich) by the total substitution of the fodder fish meal by Spirulina biomass. Lucraile Travaux de la Station de reserches Biologiques et Geographiques Sterjarul Limnologie (Pingarati). 1981; 9: 353-361.
128. Hobbson K, Welch H. Cannibalism in a high Artic lake: Insigths from stable-isotope analysis. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 1995; 52: 1195-1201. https://doi.org/10.1139/f95-116
130. Tucker J. Growth of juvenile spotted seatrout on fry feeds. The Prog Fish Cult 1988; 50: 39-41. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1988)050<0039:GOJSSO>2.3.CO;2
132. Soletchnik P, Thouard E, Goyard E, Yvon C, Baker P. First larval rearing trials of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) in Martinique (French West Indies). Contribution Marine Sciences 1988; 30 Suppl: 125-128.
134. Battaglene S, RB Talbot. Hormone induction and larval rearing of mulloway, Argyrosomus hololepidotus (Pisces: Scianidae). Aquaculture 1994; 126: 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90249-6
136. Hunter J, Kimbrell C. Egg cannibalism in the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax. Fisheries Bulletin 1980; 78: 811-816.
138. Chua T, Teng S. Economic production of stuarine grouper, Epinehelus salmoides Maxwell, reared in floatong net cages. Aquaculture 1980; 20: 187-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(80)90111-8
140. Lim L. Larviculture of the Greasy Grouper Epinephelus tauvina F. and the Brown- Marbled Grouper E. fuscoguttatus F. in Singapore. J World Aquacult Soc 1993; 24: 262-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1993.tb00015.x
142. De Angelis D, Cox D, Coutant C. Cannibalism and dispersal in young-of-theyear largemouth bass: experimental model. Ecol Model 1979; 8: 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(80)90033-2
144. Canzi C, Borghetti J, Fernandez D. The effects of diferent treatments on the development and survival of pacu fish larvae, Piaractus mesopotamicus. In: Lavens P, Sorgeloos P, Jasper E, Ollevier F. LARVI´91. Proceeding Fish and Crustacean Larviculture Symposium. Aug 27-30; Gent, Belgium. Spec Pub Eur Aquacult Soc 1991; 15: 274.
146. Choi N, Kim J, Kim S. Studies on artificial culture of the catfishes, Parasilurus asotus: seed production and rearing. Bull Natl Fish Res Dev Agency Korea 1992; 46: 173-182.
148. Baras E, Mélard C. Growth-survivalcannibalism dynamics among larvae juveniles of Pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) at diferent stocking densities. In: Creswell L, Harache Y. (eds.). Proceedings of Martinique Island Aquaculture and Tropical Aquaculture; Oostende, Belgium: European Aquaculture Society 1997; 34-35.
150. Heymann A. Intensive rearing of Sheatfish (Silurus glanis) Z Binnenfish 1990; 37: 382-389.
152. Li C, Bo H, You E. Relationship between the water turbidity and the fenomenon of cannibalism of the juvenile of black sea bream, Spaurus macrocephalus. Mar Fish Haiyang-yuye 1992; 2: 58-59.
154. Pienaar A. A study of coeval sibling cannibalism in larval and juveniles fishes its control under cultured conditions. (Tesis MSc). Grahamstown (South African): Rhodes University; 1990.
156. Gres P, Belaud A. Reduction of early cannibalism of young pike (Esox lucius) in intensive rearing. Icthiolophysiology Acta 1995; 18: 23-41.
158. Folkvord A. Growth, survival and cannibalism of cod juveniles (Gadus morhua): effects of feed type, starvation andfish size. Aquaculture 1991; 97: 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(91)90278-F
160. Cuff W. Initiation and control of cannibalism in larval walleyes. The Prog Fish Cult 1977; 39: 29-32. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1977)39[29:IACOCI]2.0.CO;2
162. Li S, Mathias J. Causes of high mortality among cultured larval walleyes. Trans Am Fish Soc 1982; 111: 710-21. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1982)111<710:COHMAC>2.0.CO;2
164. Giles N, Wright R, Nord M. Cannibalism in pike fry Esox lucius L: some experiments with fry densities. J Fish Biol 1986; 29: 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb04930.x
166. Dhert P, Lavens P, Sorgeloos P. State of the art of Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer Larviculture. J World Aquacult Soc 1992; 23: 317-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1992.tb00795.x