Trophic ecology of Saccodon dariensis (Pisces: Parodontidae) in Guatapé River tributaries, Magdalena River Basin, Colombia

Trophic ecology of Saccodon dariensis (Pisces: Parodontidae) in Guatapé River tributaries, Magdalena River Basin, Colombia

ABSTRACT

Objective. To study the trophic ecology of Saccodon dariensis in the Peñoles and El Cardal streams, Guatape River mid-basin, Magdalena River Basin, Colombia. Materials and methods. To compare differences in size between individuals from the two streams in terms of hydrologic periods, oral polymorphisms or sexes, an analysis of variance was conducted (ANOVA). Volume percentages, frequency of occurrence and the food importance index (FII) were determined; a principal component analysis (PCA) and an ANOVA was carried out to determine the diet differences between streams, climatic periods, oral polymorphism, sexes and developmental states, as well as a Mann-Whitney pairwise comparison test for each food category. Results. A significant difference was found in size between individuals of the two streams with different oral polymorphism. Algae are the most important food item (FII: 91.9%), followed by Trichoptera and insect remains (FII: 4.3%), and vegetal material (FII: 1.8%). The PCA did not indicate significant differences in diet between streams, climatic periods, oral polymorphisms, sexes or developmental states, but the ANOVA and Mann-Whitney pairwise comparison test indicated differences in oral morphotype, where individuals with a straight mouth consumed more vegetal material. We also observed different proportions in consumption of different algae genera, and increased consumption of insects in ontogeny, this being higher in individuals with a straight mouth. Conclusions. The species is algaevorous. The oral morphotypes of S. dariensis may be related to a trophic polymorphism that confers different trophic habits and differential access to the items that constitute their diet.

1. Jaramillo-Villa U, Maldonado-Ocampo JA, Escobar F. Altitudinal variation in fish assemblage diversity in streams of the central Andes of Colombia. J Fish Biol 2010; 76:2401–2417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02629.x
3. Anderson E, Maldonado-Ocampo JA. A Regional Perspective on the Diversity and Conservation of Tropical Andean Fishes. Conserv Biol 2011; 25(1):30-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01568.x
5. Londo-o-Burbano A, Román-Valencia C. Redescripción de Parodon caliensis y Saccodon dariensis (Characiformes: Parodontidae). Rev Biol Trop 2010; 58(3):813-826.
7. Reis RE, Kullander SO, Ferraris CJ (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre Brasil: EDIPUCRS; 2003.
9. Roberts T. Dental polymorphism and systematics in Saccodon, a neotropical genus of freshwater fishes (Parodontidae, Characoidei). J Zool Lond 1974; 173:303-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1974.tb04117.x
11. Melo CE, Machado FA, Pinto-Silva V. Feeding habits of fish from a stream in the savanna of Central Brazil, Araguaia Basin. Neotrop Ichthyol 2004; 2(1):37-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252004000100006
13. Pelegrin N, Haro JG. Ecología alimentaria de Parodon tortuosus (Pisces, Characiformes) en el Río de La Suela, Córdoba (Argentina). Ecol Austral 2004; 14(1):45-51.
15. Rodríguez-Olarte D, Coronel JA, Taphorn D. Línea base para la estimación de la integridad en comunidades de peces en la cuenca del río Tocuyo, vertiente del Caribe, Venezuela. Mem Fund La Salle de Cienc Nat 2007; 165:63-81.
17. Zamudio J, Urbano-Bonilla A, Maldonado-Ocampo JA, Bogotá-Gregory JD, Cortés-Millán GA. Hábitos alimentarios de diez especies de peces del piedemonte del departamento del Casanare, Colombia. Dahlia Rev Asoc Colomb Ictiol 2008; 10:43-56.
19. Mojica-Corzo JI, Usma-Oviedo JS, álvarez-León R & Lasso-Alcalá CA (eds.). Libro rojo de peces dulceacuícolas de Colombia. Bogotá D.C.: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt; 2012.
21. Pouilly M, Barrera S, Rosales C. Changes of taxonomic and trophic structure of fish assemblages along an environmental gradient in the upper Beni Watershed (Bolivia). J Fish Biol 2006; 68:137-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.00883.x
23. Maldonado-Ocampo JA, Vari RP, Usma JS. Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of Colombia. Biota Col 2008; 9(2):143-237.
25. Ortega-Lara A, Agui-o A, Sánchez GC. Los peces del Alto Cauca: Caracterización de la ictiofauna nativa de los principales ríos de la cuenca alta del río Cauca en el departamento del Cauca. Popayán, Colombia: Fundación para la investigación y el Desarrollo Sostenible, FUNINDES y Corporación Autónoma Regional del Cauca CRC; 2002.
27. Amaya JD, Naranjo LG. Plan Nacional de las Especies Migratorias: Diagnóstico e identificación de acciones para la conservación y el manejo sostenible de las especies migratorias de la biodiversidad en Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: MAVDT – WWF; 2009.
29. Villa-Navarro F, Bri-ez-Vásquez AN, Castro-Roa D, García-Melo LJ, García-Melo JE, Herrada-Yara ME. Biodiversidad faunística y florística de las cuencas de los ríos Prado y Amoyá – Biodiversidad Regional Vol. II. Ibagué, Colombia: Cortolima y Universidad del Tolima; 2005.
31. Jaramillo-Villa U, Maldonado-Ocampo JA, Bogotá-Gregory JD. Peces del Oriente de Antioquia, Colombia. Biota Col 2008; 9(2):279-293.
33. Urrego-Ballestas DA, Castellanos-Barliza JJ, Mancera-Rodríguez NJ. Biología reproductiva de Saccodon dariensis (Pisces: Parodontidae) en la cuenca media del río Guatapé, Antioquia – Colombia. En: III Congreso Colombiano de Zoología; Medellín, Colombia,
35. Olsson J, Eklöv P. Habitat structure, feeding mode and morphological reversibility: factors influencing phenotypic plasticity in perch. Evol Ecol Res 2005; 7:1109-1123.
37. Rodríguez N, Armenteras D, Morales M, Romero M. Ecosistemas de los Andes colombianos. Bogotá, D.C.: Instituto de investigación de recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt; 2004.
39. Wentworth C. A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. J. Geology 1922; 30:377-392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/622910
41. Ricker WE. Methods for assessment of fish production in fresh waters. 2ª ed..- 2nd ed. Oxford: I.B.P. Handbook No 3. Blackwell Sci Publ; 1971.
43. Hyslop EJ. Stomach contents analysis a review of methods and their applications. J Fish Biol 1980; 17:411- 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02775.x
45. Kawakami E & Vazzoler G. Método gráfico e estimativa de alimentar aplicado no estudo de alimentação de peixis. Bol Inst Oceanogr 1980; 29(2):205-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0373-55241980000200043
47. Bicudo CE, Menezes M. Géneros de algas de aguas continentales do Brasil. Sao Carlos, Brasil: Editorial Rima; 2006.
49. Ramírez JJ. Fitoplancton de agua dulce: aspectos ecológicos, taxonómicos y sanitarios. Medellín Colombia: Editorial Universidad de Antioquia; 2000.
51. Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot H. Bacillariophyceae. Tomos 1,2,3,4. Berlin, Alemania: Verlag; 1949.
53. Streble H, Krauter D. Atlas de los microorganismos de Agua dulce. Barcelona, Espa-a: Editorial Omega S.A.; 1987.
55. Roldán-Pérez G. Guía para el estudio de los macro invertebrados acuáticos del departamento de Antioquia. Bogotá, Colombia: Fondo FEN Colombia, Colciencias y Universidad de Antioquia; 1996.
57. Restrepo-Escobar N. Brycon henni y Saccodon dariensis (Pisces: Characiformes): Análisis de la variación del cuerpo mediante el uso de la Morfometría geométrica. [Tesis de M.Sc.]. Medellín, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Biociencias; 2013.
59. Adams CE, Fraser D, McCarthy I, Shields S, Waldron S, Alexander G. Stable isotope analysis reveals ecological segregation in a bimodal size polymorphism in Arctic charr from LochTay, Scotland. J Fish Biol 2003; 62:474-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00044.x