Nutritional requirements of freshwater ornamental fish: a review
Nutritional requirements of freshwater ornamental fish: a review
Mostrar biografía de los autores
The knowledge of nutritional requirements in ornamental fish species is essential to improve the productive development; however, the nutritional information of these species is scarce and sometimes this information is extrapolated from results obtained from nonornamental fish species. In ornamental fish, a correct formulation of the diet improve the nutrient digestibility and supply the metabolic needs, reducing the maintenance cost and at the same time the water pollution. Inert food such as meal powder, flakes, milk powder, bovine heart and liver, tubifex worms, as well as live food including Artemia sp., rotifers and Moina have been used extensively in ornamental fish feeding with a diverse range of nutritional values and productive properties. In contrast with farmed fish, skin pigmentation is a mandatory characteristic in ornamental fish and the use of dietary supplements with carotenoids is recommended. The aim of this document is to review the specific nutritional requirements which are indispensable to improve economical and productive potential of freshwater ornamental fish.
Key words: Aquarium fish, carotenoids, energy, lipids, ornamental fish, protein, vitamins. (Sources: AIMS, CAB).
Visitas del artículo 2140 | Visitas PDF
Descargas
- Chong A, Hashim R, Ali Ab. Assessment of soybean meal in diets for discus (Symphysodon aequifasciata HECKEL) farming through a fishmeal replacement study. Aquacult Res 2003; 34(11): 913-922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00945.x
- Blom JH, Dabrowski K. Vitamin C requirements of the Angelfish Pterophylum scalare. J World Aquacult Soc 2000; 31(1): 115-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2000.tb00705.x
- Sales J, Janssens GPJ. Nutrient requirements of ornamental fish. Aquat Living Resour 2003; 16(6): 533-540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquliv.2003.06.001
- Lovell RT. Nutrition of ornamental fish. En: Bonagura J (Ed.), Kirk´s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII-Small Animal Practice. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA; 2000, p. 1191-1196.
- Pannevis MC, Earle KE. Maintenance energy requirement of five popular species of ornamental fish. J Nutr 1994; 124(Suppl): 2616-2618.
- Sampaio AMBM, Kubitza F, Cyrino JEP. Relação energia: proteína na nutrição do tucunaré. Scientia Agricola 2000; 57(2): 213-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162000000200004
- Ling S, Hashim R, Kolkovski S, Chong Shu-Chien A. Effect of varying dietary lipid and protein levels on growth and reproductive performance of female swordtails Xiphophorus helleri (Poeciliidae). Aquacult Res 2006; 37(13): 1267-1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01554.x
- Chong ASC, Ishak SD, Osman Z, Hashim R. Effect of dietary protein level on the reproductive performance of female swordtails Xiphophorus helleri (Poeciliidae). Aquaculture 2004; 234(1-4): 381-392.
- N.R.C. Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington, D.C, USA.: National Academy Press; 1993.
- Fiogbé ED, Kestemont P. An assessment of the protein and amino acid requirement in goldfish (Carassius auratus) larvae. J Appl Ichthyol 1995; 11(3-4): 282-289.
- Elangovan A, Shim KF. Growth response of juvenile Barbodes altus fed isocaloric diets with variable protein levels. Aquaculture 1997; 158(3-4): 321-329.
- Ituassú DR, Filho MP, Roubach R, Crescêncio R, Cavero BAS, Gandra AL. Níveis de proteína bruta para juvenis de pirarucu. Pesq Agropec Bras Brasília 2005; 40(3):255-259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2005000300009
- Lochmann RT, Phillips H. Dietary protein requirement of juvenile golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) in aquaria. Aquaculture 1994; 128(3-4): 277-285.
- Olevera-Novoa MA, Gasca-Leyva E, Martinez-Palacios CA. The dietary protein requirements of Cichlasoma synspilum Hubbs, 1935 (Pisces: Cichlidae) fry. Aquacult Res 1996; 27(3):167-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1996.tb00981.x
- Shim KF, Landesman L, Lam TJ. Effect of dietary protein on growth, ovarian development and fecundity in the dwarf gourami, Colisa lalia (Hamilton). J Aquacult Trop 1989; 4(1):111-123.
- Shim KF, Chua YL. Some studies on the protein requirement of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Peters) J Aquar Aquat Sci 1986; 4(4):79-84.
- Zuanon JAS, Salaro AL, Silveira-Moraes SS, de Oliveira-Alves LM, Balbino EM, Siqueira Araújo E. Dietary protein and energy requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish. Rev Bras Zootecn 2009; 38(6):989-993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982009000600003
- Chong ASC, Hashim R, Ali AB. Dietary protein requirements for discus (Symphysodon spp.). Aquacult Nutr 2000; 6(4):275-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2000.00151.x
- Kruger DP, Britz PJ, Sales J. Influence of varying dietary protein content at three lipid concentrations on growth characteristics of juvenile wordtails (Xiphophorus helleri Heckel 1848). Aquar Sci Cons 2001; 3(1):275-280.
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013150314719
- Sealey WM, Barrows FT, Casten M, Hardy RW. Dietary protein source and level affects growth in neon tetras. N Am J Aquac 2009; 71(4):320-324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/A08-017.1
- Afzal Khan M, Jafri AK, Chadha NK. Effects of varying dietary protein levels on growth, reproductive performance, body and egg composition of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Aquacult Nutr 2005; 11(1):11-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00318.x
- Chong ASC, Hashim R, Ali AB. Assessment of dry matter and protein digestibilities of selected raw ingredients by discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata) using in vivo and In vitro methods. Aquacult Nutr 2002; 8(3):229-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2002.00214.x
- Meffe GK, Snelson JFF. Lipid dynamics during reproduction in two livebearing species, Gambusia holbrooki and Poecilia latipinna. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 1993; 50(10):2185-2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-245
- Tamaru CS, Ako H, Paguirigan R. Essential fatty acid profiles of maturation feeds used in freshwater ornamental fish culture. Hydrobiologia 1997; 358(1):265-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003113826075
- Hemre GI, Mommsen TP, Krogdahl A. Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: effects on growth, glucose metabolism and hepatic enzymes. Aquacult Nutr 2002; 8(3):175-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2002.00200.x
- Krogdahl A, Hemre GI, Mommsen TP. Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: digestion and absorption in postlarval stages. Aquacult Nutr 2005; 11(2): 103-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00327.x
- Shim KF, Ng SH. Magnesium requirement of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata Peters). Aquaculture 1988; 73(1-4): 131-141.
- Shim KF, Ho CS. Calcium and phosphorus requirements of guppy Poecilia reticulata. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1989; 55:1947-1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.55.1947
- Ortu-o J, Esteban MA, Meseguer J. The effect of dietary intake of vitamins C and E on the stress response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2003; 14(2):145-156.
- Halver J. The Role of Vitamin C in Nutrition and Fish Health. En: Annual Conference Proceedings - American Zoo and Aquarium Asociation. Seattle WA: 1995.
- Fracalossi DM, Allen ME, Nichols DK, Oftedal OT. Oscars, Astronotus ocellatus, have a dietary requirement for vitamin C. J Nutr 1998; 128(10):1745-1751.
- Chávez de Martínez MC. Vitamin C requirement of the Mexican native cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Gunther). Aquaculture 1990; 86(4):409-416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90329-L
- Shim KF, Tan CH. The dietary requirement of vitamin A in guppy (Poecilia reticulata Peters). En: The current status of Fish Nutrition in aquaculture, the Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Feeding and Nutrition of Fish. Toba, Japan: Japan Translation Center, Ltd.; 1990.
- Chatzifotis S, Pavlidis M, Jimeno CD, Vardanis G, Sterioti A, Divanach P. The effect of different carotenoid sources on skin coloration of cultured red porgy (Pagrus pagrus). Aquacult Res 2005; 36(15):1517-1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01374.x
- Sinha A, Asimi OA. China rose (Hibiscus rosasinensis) petals: a potent natural carotenoid source for goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). Aquacult Res 2007; 38(11): 1123-1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01767.x
- Wallat GK, Lazur AM, Chapman FA. Carotenoids of different types and concentrations in commercial formulated fish diets affect color and its development in the skin of the red oranda variety of goldfish. N Am J Aquac 2005; 67(1):42-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/FA03-062.1
- Wang YJ, Chien YH, Pan CH. Effects of dietary supplementation of carotenoids on survival, growth, pigmentation, and antioxidant capacity of characins, Hyphessobrycon callistus. Aquaculture 2006; 261(2): 641-648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.08.040
- Baron M, Davies S, Alexander L, Snellgrove D, Sloman KA. The effect of dietary pigments on the coloration and behaviour of flame-red dwarf gourami, Colisa lalia. Anim Behav 2008; 75(3): 1041-1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.08.014
- Gouveia L, Rema P, Pereira O, Empis J. Colouring ornamental fish (Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus) with microalgal biomass. Aquacult Nutr 2003; 9(2): 123-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00233.x
- Gouveia L, Rema P. Effect of microalgal biomass concentration and temperature on ornamental goldfish (Carassius auratus) skin pigmentation. Aquacult Nutr 2005; 11(1): 19-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00319.x
- Ezhil J, Jeyanthi C, Narayanan M. Effect of formulated pigmented feed on colour changes and growth of red swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 2008; 8(1): 99-101.
- Lim LC, Dhert P, Sorgeloos P. Recent developments in the application of live feeds in the freshwater ornamental fish culture. Aquaculture 2003; 227(1-4): 319-331.
- Lim LC, Cho YL, Dhert P, Wong CC, Nelis H, Sorgeloos P. Use of decapsulated Artemia cysts in ornamental fish culture. Aquacult Res 2002; 33(8): 575-589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00687.x
- Gordon AK, Kaiser H, Britz PJ, Hecht T. Effect of feed type and age-at-weaning on growth and survival of clownfish Amphiprion percula (Pomacentridae). Aquar Sci Cons 1998; 2(4): 215-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009652021170
- Gordon AK, Hecht T. Histological studies on the development of the digestive system of the clownfish Amphiprion percula and the time of weaning. J Appl Ichthyol 2002; 18(2): 113-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00321.x
- Coutinho P, Rema P, Otero A, Pereira O, Fabregas J. Use of biomass of the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana in the nutrition of goldfish (Carassius auratus) larvae as source of protein and vitamins. Aquacult Res 2006; 37(8): 793-798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01492.x
- Rodrigues LA, Kochenborger FJB. Influência do processamento da dieta no desempenho produtivo do acará bandeira (Pterophyllum scalare). Maringá 2006; 28(1): 113-119.
- Harpaz S, Slosman T, Segev R. Effect of feeding guppy fish fry (Poecilia reticulata) diets in the form of powder versus flakes. Aquacult Res 2005; 36(10): 996-1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01308.x