Potencial de biocarbón después de su activación biológica por microflora nativa del suelo

Potential of biochar after the biological activation by native soil microflora

Objetivo. Se estudió la actividad de la deshidrogenasa tras la activación biológica del biocarbón por los microorganismos nativos del suelo. El objetivo principal era mejorar las propiedades del biocarbón mediante su activación y hacerlo más amigable para la microflora del suelo. Materiales y métodos. La activación se logró mediante la aireación del suelo con la solución durante dos semanas. No se aplicó ningún inóculo especial de microorganismos. Se prepararon los siguientes tratamientos en cuatro réplicas: biocarbón crudo convencional (BR), biocarbón activado (BA), fertilizante mineral DAM 390 (NF) y control (C). Se utilizó una prueba estadística para comparar las medias de los tratamientos (Fisher p≤0.05; programa STATISTICA 12.0; StatSoft software Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA). Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la actividad deshidrogenasa entre los tratamientos BR, BA y C. La aplicación de fertilizantes minerales tuvo un efecto negativo y se observó un aumento de la lixiviación de nitrógeno. Conclusiones. La activación del biocarbón es un método adecuado para mejorar la condición de la biota del suelo en comparación con el biocarbón convencional.

1. Lehmann J, Rillig MC, Thies J, Masiello CA, Hockaday WC, Crowley D. Biochar effects on soil biota–a review. Soil biology and biochemistry. 2013; 43(9):1812-1836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022
2. Zhang C, Nie S, Liang J, Zeng G, Wu H, Hua S. Effects of heavy metals and soil physicochemical properties on wetland soil microbial biomass and bacterial community structure. Science of the Total Environment. 2016; 557:785-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.170
3. Quilliam RS, Glanville HC, Wade SC, Jones DL. Life in the ‘charosphere’–Does biochar in agricultural soil provide a significant habitat for microorganisms?. Soil Biol Biochem. 2013; 65:287-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.004
4. Sorrenti G, Masiello CA, Dugan B, Toselli M. Biochar physico-chemical properties as affected by environmental exposure. Science of the total Environment. 2016; 563:237-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.245
5. Wang B, Jiang YS, Li FY, Yang DY. Preparation of biochar by simultaneous carbonization, magnetization and activation for norfloxacin removal in water. Bioresour Technol. 2017; 233:159-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.103
6. Sajjadi B, Zubatiuk T, Leszczynska D, Leszczynski J, Chen WY. Chemical activation of biochar for energy and environmental applications: a comprehensive review. Rev Chem Eng. 2019; 35(7):777-815. https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2018-0003
7. Wolińska A, Stępniewska Z, Bielecka A, Ciepielski J. Bioelectricity production from soil using microbial fuel cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2014; 173(8):2287-2296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-1034-8
8. IUSS Working Group WRB. World reference base for soil resources 2014, update 2015: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Reports No. 106. World Soil Resources; 2015. http://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
9. Sato JH, Figueiredo CCD, Marchão RL, Madari BE, Benedito LEC, Busato JG, Souza DMD. Methods of soil organic carbon determination in Brazilian savannah soils. Scientia Agricola. 2014; 71(4):302-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016-2013-0306
10. Pospíšilová H, Jiskrova E, Vojta P, Mrizova K, Kokáš F, Čudejková MM, Dzurova L. Transgenic barley overexpressing a cytokinin dehydrogenase gene shows greater tolerance to drought stress. N Biotechnol. 2016; 33(5):692-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2015.12.005
11. Kučerík J, Tokarski D, Demyan MS, Merbach I, Siewert CC. Linking soil organic matter thermal stability with contents of clay, bound water, organic carbon and nitrogen. Geoderma. 2018; 316:38-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.12.001
12. José M, Paneque M, Miller AZ, Knicker H. Relating physical and chemical properties of four different biochars and their application rate to biomass production of Lolium perenne on a Calcic Cambisol during a pot experiment of 79 days. Sci Total Environ. 2014; 499:175-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.025
13. Casida LE, Klein DA, Santoro T. Soil dehydrogenase activity. Soil Science. 1964; 98:371-376
14. Peoples MB, Faizah AW, Rerkasem B, Herridge DF. Methods for evaluating nitrogen fixation by nodulated legumes in the field (No. 435-2016-33692). 1989
15. Keeney DR, Nelson DW. Nitrogen—inorganic forms. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy. 1983. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c33
16. Pittelkow CM, Linquist BA, Lundy ME, Liang X, van Groenigen KJ, Leevan Kessel C. When does no-till yield more? A global meta-analysis. Field Crops Research. 2015; 183:156-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.07.020
17. Pauli N, Abbott LK, Negrete-Yankelevich S, Andrés P. Farmers’ knowledge and use of soil fauna in agriculture: a worldwide review. Ecology and Society. 2016; 21(3):19. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26269977
18. Chebotarev NT, Yudin AA, Konkin PI, Oblizov AV. Efficiency of using organic and mineral fertilizers in fodder crop rotation on northern soddy podzols. Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2017; 43(2):162-166. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068367417020045
19. Kučová L, Záhora J, Pokluda R. Effect of mycorrhizal inoculation of leek Allium porrum L. on mineral nitrogen leaching. Horticultural Science. 2016; 43(4):195-202. https://doi.org/10.17221/182/2015-HORTSCI
20. Kuzyakov Y, Bogomolova I, Glaser B. Biochar stability in soil: decomposition during eight years and transformation as assessed by compound-specific 14C analysis. Soil Biol Biochem. 2014; 70:229-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.12.021
21. Major J, Rondon M, Molina D, Riha SJ, Lehmann J. Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant Soil. 2010; 333(1-2):117-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0327-0
22. Xu N, Tan G, Wang H, Gai X. Effect of biochar additions to soil on nitrogen leaching, microbial biomass and bacterial community structure. Eur J Soil Biol. 2016; 74:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2016.02.004
23. Di HJ, Cameron KC. Inhibition of nitrification to mitigate nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions in grazed grassland: a review. J Soils Sediments. 2016; 16(5):1401-1420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1403-8
24. Geisseler D, Scow KM. Long-term effects of mineral fertilizers on soil microorganisms–A review. Soil Biol Biochem. 2014; 75:54-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.03.023
25. Morriën E. Understanding soil food web dynamics, how close do we get?. Soil Biol Biochem. 2016; 102:10-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.06.022