Actividad antihelmíntica in vivo de terpenos y aceites esenciales en pequeños rumiantes

In vivo anthelmintic activity of terpenes and essential oils in small ruminants

Los terpenos y aceites esenciales (AcEs) poseen un amplio espectro de actividades biológicas que pueden ser exploradas en las ciencias veterinarias. En este sentido, su uso ha sido propuesto como una estrategia para enfrentar las crecientes poblaciones de nematodos gastrointestinales (NGI) resistentes a los antihelmínticos (AH) tradicionales. En la presente revisión analizamos 11 manuscritos científicos que, mediante la utilización del enfoque in vivo, evaluaron el potencial AH de plantas ricas en terpenos (PRT) o AcEs en pequeños rumiantes. La especie ovina fue utilizada en el 81% de los trabajos. Brasil es el país que lidera esta línea de investigación seguido de los Estados Unidos de América y la República de Benín. Todos los manuscritos analizados utilizaron la prueba de reducción del conteo fecal de huevos de NGI, mientras que cinco manuscritos emplearon la metodología del test —o prueba— controlado(a). La actividad de las PRT y los AcEs sobre la excreción de huevos de NGI en las heces fue variable, reportándose valores que oscilaron desde un efecto nulo hasta un 97%. Dos trabajos reportaron una reducción en el tamaño de los NGI machos adultos y en la fecundidad de las hembras tras la administración de AcEs. Resulta necesario generar más trabajos que se dirijan a entender las interacciones entre las plantas, sus metabolitos secundarios y los rumiantes que las consumen. Comprender dichas interacciones nos permitirá utilizar estos productos naturales como elementos que ayuden a mejorar la nutrición y la sanidad de ovinos y caprinos en diferentes sistemas productivos.

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