Vacunas SARS-CoV-2: evolución y escape

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: evolution and escape

El SARS-CoV-2 fue declarado como un virus pandémico hace un año y ha causado más de 130 millones de casos confirmados y 2.8 millones de muertes alrededor del mundo. A finales de 2020, las vacunas basadas en la proteína spike de SARS-CoV-2 fueron las primeras aprobadas en la emergencia sanitaria. La proteína spike interacciona con el receptor ACE2 humano en el inicio del proceso de infección, este conocimiento básico dio inicio a una vacuna que tuviera como blanco de acción el spike para de esa forma desencadenar la acción de los anticuerpos neutralizantes. Las vacunas aplicadas en el hemisferio occidental no siguen la vía tradicional de los virus atenuados o inactivos, la nueva moda son las metodologías de ARN mensajero, algunos insertados en vectores virales que presentan el antígeno ante las células del sistema inmune e inducen memoria humoral. Sin embargo, existen vacunas basadas en péptidos recombinantes, virus atenuados e inactivos, aplicadas exitosamente en Latinoamérica y Asia, que superan las limitaciones de temperatura de almacenamiento y aspectos geopolíticos.

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