Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae en Amblyomma parvum parasitando humanos en un refugio forestal de gran altitud dentro del bioma Caatinga, Brasil

Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae in Amblyomma parvum attached to humans in a high-altitude forest refuge within the Caatinga biome, Brazil

Objetivo. Informe sobre especies de garrapatas que parasitan a los humanos en un área del bioma semiárido de Caatinga, noreste de Brasil, con nota de infección por rickettsias. Materiales y métodos. Todas las garrapatas se identificaron morfológicamente con estereomicroscopio. Algunas de las garrapatas recolectadas se analizaron molecularmente para detectar la presencia de ADN de bacterias del género Rickettsia. Las garrapatas se sometieron individualmente a la extracción de ADN (gen de la citrato sintasa [gltA] y gen de la proteína de la membrana externa [ompA]). Resultados. Se recolectaron un total de 78 garrapatas en humanos, identificadas como adultos de Amblyomma parvum (62 hembras y 16 machos). De estas, 15 mujeres fueron infectadas por ‘Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae’. Conclusiones. El presente estudio confirma una zona más de riesgo humano de picaduras de garrapatas en Brasil, también de la rickettsia no patógena 'Ca. Rickettsia andeanae'

1. Parola P, Paddock CD, Socolovschi C, Labruna MB, Mediannikov O, Kernif T, et al. Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013; 26(4):657-702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00032-13.
2. Labruna M, Mattar VS, Nava S, Bermudez S, Venzal JM, Dolz G, et al. Rickettsioses in Latin America, Caribbean, Spain and Portugal. Rev MVZ Córdoba. 2011; 16(2):2435-2457. https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.282.
3. Silva AB, Vizzoni VF, Costa AP, Costa FB, Moraes-Filho J, Labruna MB, et al. First report of a Rickettsia asembonensis related infecting fleas in Brazil. Acta Trop. 2017; 172:44-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.04.004.
4. Luz HR, Silva-Santos E, Costa-Campos CE, Acosta I, Martins TF, Muñoz-Leal S, et al. Detection of Rickettsia spp. in ticks parasitizing toads (Rhinella marina) in the northern Brazilian Amazon. Exp Appl Acarol. 2018; 75(3):309-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-018-0270-y.
5. Luz HR, Muñoz-Leal S, de Carvalho WD, Castro IJ, Xavier BS, Toledo JJ, et al. Detection of “Candidatus Rickettsia wissemanii” in ticks parasitizing bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the northern Brazilian Amazon. Parasitol Res. 2019; 118(11):3185-3189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06442-3.
6. Peixoto MP, Luz HR, de Abreu DPB, Faccini JLH, McIntosh D. Detection of Rickettsia sp. strain Itinguçú in Ornithodoros faccinii (Acari: Argasidae) parasitizing the toad Rhinella ornata (Anura: Bufonidae) in Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2021; 12(3):101680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101680.
7. Jiang J, Blair PJ, Felices V, Moron C, Cespedes M, Anaya E, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of a novel molecular isolate of spotted fever group Rickettsiae from northern Peru: Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005; 1063:337-342. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1355.054.
8. Nieri-Bastos FA, Lopes MG, Cançado PH, Rossa GA, Faccini JL, Gennari SM, et al. Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae, a spotted fever group agent infecting Amblyomma parvum ticks in two Brazilian biomes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2014; 109(2):259-261. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276140283.
9. Nava S, Venzal JM, Acuña DG, Martins TF. Guglielmone AA. Ticks of the southern cone of America: diagnosis, distribution, and hosts with taxonomy, ecology and sanitary importance. Academic Press: London: 2017.
10. Szabó MP, Olegário MM, Santos AL. Tick fauna from two locations in the Brazilian savannah. Exp Appl Acarol. 2007; 43(1):73-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-007-9096-8.
11. Lugarini C, Martins TF, Ogrzewalska M, de Vasconcelos NC, Ellis VA, de Oliveira JB, et al. Rickettsial agents in avian ixodid ticks in northeast Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015; 6(3):364-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.02.011.
12. Guglielmone AA, Beati L, Barros-Battesti DM, Labruna MB, Nava S, Venzal JM, et al. Ticks (Ixodidae) on humans in South America. Exp Appl Acarol. 2006; 40(2):83-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-006-9027-0.
13. Pacheco RC, Echaide IE, Alves RN, Beletti ME, Nava S, Labruna MB. Coxiella burnetii in ticks, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013; 19(2):344-346. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1902.120362.
14. Monje LD, Fernandez C, Percara A. Detection of Ehrlichia sp. strain San Luis and Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae in Amblyomma parvum ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2019; 10(1):111-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.09.008.
15. Costa RC, Araújo FS, Lima-Verde LW. Flora and life-form spectrum in an area of deciduous thorn woodland (caatinga) in northeastern, Brazil. J Arid Environ. 2007; 68:237-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.06.003.
16. Horta MC, Nascimento GF, Martins TF, Labruna MB, Machado LCP, Nicola PA (2011) Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) parasitizing free-living wild animals in the Caatinga biome in the State of Pernambuco, north eastern Brazil. Syst Appl Acarol. 2011; 16:207–211. https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.16.3.3.
17. Luz HR, Muñoz-Leal S, Almeida JC, Faccini JL, Labruna MB. Ticks parasitizing bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the Caatinga Biome, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2016; 25(4):484-491. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016083.
18. de Oliveira GMB, da Silva IWG, da Cruz Ferreira Evaristo AM, de Azevedo Serpa MC, Silva Campos AN, et al. Tick-borne pathogens in dogs, wild small mammals and their ectoparasites in the semi-arid Caatinga biome, northeastern Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2020; 11(4):101409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101409.
19. Maia MO, Koppe VC, Muñoz-Leal S, Martins TF, Marcili A, Labruna MB, et al. Detection of Rickettsia spp. in ticks associated to wild mammals in Northeastern Brazil, with notes on an undetermined Ornithodoros sp. collected from marsupials. Exp Appl Acarol. 2018; 76(4):523-535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-018-0323-2.
20. Santos FLA, Medeiros EM, Souza MJN. Contexto Hodroclimático do Enclave úmido do Maciço de Baturite´ – Ceará: Potencialidades e Limitações ao Uso da Terra. Rev. Geon. 2012; 2(5):1056–1065. https://www.periodicos.ufam.edu.br/index.php/revista-geonorte/article/view/2562
21. Queiroz LP, Cardoso D, Fernandes MF, Moro MF. Diversity and Evolution of Flowering Plants of the Caatinga Domain. Springer: Switzerland; 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68339-3_2.
22. Moerbeck L, Vizzoni VF, Machado-Ferreira E, Cavalcante RC, Oliveira SV, Soares CA, et al. Rickettsia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) vector biodiversity in highaltitude atlantic forest fragments within a semiarid climate: a new endemic area ofspotted-fever in Brazil. J. Med. Entomol. 2016; 53(6):1458–1466. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw121
23. Ab’sáber AN. O domínio morfoclimático semi-árido das Caatingas brasileiras. Geomorfologia. Universidade São Paulo: Brasil; 1974. https://acervo.socioambiental.org/sites/default/files/documents/11D00001.pdf
24. Dantas-Torres F, Fernandes Martins T, Muñoz-Leal S, Onofrio VC, Barros-Battesti DM. Ticks (Ixodida: Argasidae, Ixodidae) of Brazil: Updated species checklist and taxonomic keys. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2019; 10(6):101252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.06.012.
25. Sangioni LA, Horta MC, Vianna MC, Gennari SM, Soares RM, Galvão MA, et al. Rickettsial infection in animals and Brazilian spotted fever endemicity. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11(2):265-270. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1102.040656.
26. Labruna MB, Whitworth T, Bouyer DH, McBride J, Camargo LM, Camargo EP, et al. Rickettsia bellii and Rickettsia amblyommii in Amblyomma ticks from the State of Rondônia, Western Amazon, Brazil. J Med Entomol. 2004; 41(6):1073-1081. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.6.1073.
27. Eremeeva ME, Klemt RM, Santucci-Domotor LA, Silverman DJ, Dasch GA. Genetic analysis of isolates of Rickettsia rickettsii that differ in virulence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003; 990:717-722. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07449.x.
28. Regnery RL, Spruill CL, Plikaytis BD. Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. J Bacteriol. 1991; 173(5):1576-1589. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.173.5.1576-1589.1991.
29. Bezerra ADS, Ahid SMM, Vieira LS, Soares HS. Ectoparasitos em caprinos e ovinos no município de Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 2010; 11(1):110-116. https://doi.org/10.5216/cab.v11i1.3800.
30. Nava S, Szabó MP, Mangold AJ, Guglielmone AA. Distribution, hosts, 16S rDNA sequences and phylogenetic position of the Neotropical tick Amblyomma parvum (Acari: Ixodidae). Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2008; 102(5):409-425. https://doi.org/10.1179/136485908X278883.
31. Ramos VN, Osava CF, Piovezan U, Szabó MP. Ticks on humans in the Pantanal wetlands, Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2014; 5(5):497-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.03.004.
32. Szabó MPJ, Martins TF, Barbieri ARM, Costa FB, Soares HS, Tolesano-Pascoli GV, et al. Ticks biting humans in the Brazilian savannah: Attachment sites and exposure risk in relation to species, life stage and season. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2020; 11(2):101328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101328.
33. Blair PJ, Jiang J, Schoeler GB, Moron C, Anaya E, Cespedes M, et al. Characterization of spotted fever group rickettsiae in flea and tick specimens from northern Peru. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42(11):4961-4967. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.11.4961-4967.2004.
34. Flores-Mendoza C, Florin D, Felices V, Pozo EJ, Graf PC, Burrus RG, et al. Detection of Rickettsia parkeri from within Piura, Peru, and the first reported presence of Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae in the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013; 13(7):505-508. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2012.1028.
35. Paddock CD, Fournier PE, Sumner JW, Goddard J, Elshenawy Y, Metcalfe MG, et al. Isolation of Rickettsia parkeri and identification of a novel spotted fever group Rickettsia sp. from Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010; 76(9):2689-2696. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02737-09.
36. Luce-Fedrow A, Wright C, Gaff HD, Sonenshine DE, Hynes WL, Richards AL. In vitro propagation of Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae isolated from Amblyomma maculatum. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2012; 64(1):74-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00905.x.
37. Pacheco RC, Moraes-Filho J, Nava S, Brandão PE, Richtzenhain LJ, Labruna MB. Detection of a novel spotted fever group rickettsia in Amblyomma parvum ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Argentina. Exp Appl Acarol. 2007; 43(1):63-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-007-9099-5.
38. Tomassone L, Nuñez P, Ceballos LA, Gürtler RE, Kitron U, Farber M. Detection of “Candidatus Rickettsia sp. strain Argentina” and Rickettsia bellii in Amblyomma ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Northern Argentina. Exp Appl Acarol. 2010; 52(1):93-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-010-9339-y.
39. Abarca K, López J, Acosta-Jamett G, Lepe P, Soares JF, Labruna MB. A third Amblyomma species and the first tick-borne rickettsia in Chile. J Med Entomol. 2012; 49(1):219-222. https://doi.org/10.1603/me11147.
40. Barbieri ARM, Szabó MPJ, Costa FB, Martins TF, Soares HS, Pascoli G, et al. Species richness and seasonal dynamics of ticks with notes on rickettsial infection in a Natural Park of the Cerrado biome in Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2019; 10(2):442-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.12.010.