Tratamiento de efluentes: una vía para la acuicultura responsable

Effluent treatment: a way to a responsible aquaculture

De las actividades acuícolas, la producción en estanques tiene una gran importancia en los países como Brasil, Colombia y Venezuela, entre otros, en donde las cifras de producción presentan un panorama de crecimiento acelerado. La piscicultura, por ejemplo, tiene un enorme potencial debido a las óptimas condiciones de nuestros países en cuanto a hidrología, topografía y edafología, y por la riqueza en especies ícticas con cualidades para cultivo. Así, la piscicultura se torna una actividad agropecuaria autóctona y ventajosa. Trabajar con riquezas naturales propias permite ventajas competitivas, minimizando costos, y reduciendo necesidades de importar insumos y tecnología, entre otras. Observamos que otras actividades agropecuarias se sustentan en especies importadas y adaptadas a las más adversas condiciones, como ejemplo, el ganado europeo, el arroz chino, etc. Sin embargo, se debe reconocer que desarrollar tecnologías de producción obliga a considerar aspectos ambientales que garanticen su permanencia en el tiempo, con beneficios sociales, económicos, etc. La acuicultura como cualquier actividad genera impacto, empezando porque se desarrolla en ecosistemas artificiales diferentes a los naturales, y afectando los recursos hídricos por la cantidad de efluentes ricos en materia orgánica, que son vertidos sin siquiera saber lo que está siendo lanzado. Este artículo presenta una revisión de la actividad, los diferentes tipos de impactos generados y algunas alternativas biológicas para el tratamiento de los efluentes, buscando herramientas para alcanzar una acuicultura responsable.

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