Silvopastoral System Economical and Financial feasibility with Jatropha curcas L. in Manabí, Ecuador

Viabilidad económica y financiera de sistemas silvopastoriles con Jatropha curcas L. en Manabí, Ecuador

Objective. To assess the economic and financial feasibility of traditional silvopastoral systems for the biofuels production as a contribution to the sustainability of “Piñón for Galapagos” project. Materials and methods. A survey was conducted to 450 small livestock producer in 10 cantons of the Manabí province in order to collect basic agronomic knowledge, management, establishment and costs involved in production of the Piñón ((Jatropha curcas L.)/Savoy (Megathyrsus maximus) silvopastoral systems. For Piñón CP041 production recording plantation in live fence were stablished and for the tradition Piñón, the production of 10 sites were recorded, both systems since 2009. With those data were calculated the following economic indicators: ratio benefit/cost, net present value (NPV), internal rate ratio (IRR) and land expectation value (LEV). Results. The study exhibited a production decrease of Piñón with the passage of time. The CP041 INIAP improved silvopastoral system Piñón showed a B/C 1.07, NPV of USD$ 404.11, LEV US$ 970.23 and IRR of 18%. Followed by silvopastoral system with a local Piñón with a B/C 1.06, NPV of USD$ 363.66, LEV USD$ 873.10 and IRR of 17% and finally silvopastoral system without harvesting Piñón with a B/C 1.05, NPV of USD$ 285.72, LEV USD$ 685.99 and IRR of 15%. Conclusions. The alternative biofuels production was the silvopastoral systems (INIAP CP041)/Savoya in Manabí and is economically feasible. This system does not compete for arable land for food production and would not affect food security.

1. Koh LP, Miettinen J, Liew SC, Ghazoul J. Remotely sensed evidence of tropical peatland conversion to oil palm. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2011; 108(12):5127–5132. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018776108
3. Nepstad D, Soares-Filho BS, Merry F, Lima A, Moutinho P, Carter J, et al. The end of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Science 2009; 326(5958):1350–1351. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182108
5. van Dam J, Junginger M, Faaij APC. From the global efforts on certification of bioenergy towards an integrated approach based on sustainable land use planning. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev 2010; 14(9):2445–2472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.010
7. Ndong R, Montrejaud-Vignoles M, Saint Girons O, Gabrielle B, Pirot R, Domergue M, et al. Life cycle assessment of biofuels from Jatropha curcas in West Africa: a field study. GCB Bioenergy 2009; 1(3):197–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2009.01014.x
9. Romijn H, Heijnen S, Rom Colthoff J, de Jong B, van Eijck J, Economic and Social Sustainability Performance of Jatropha Projects: Results from Field Surveys in Mozambique, Tanzania and Mali. Sustainability 2014; 6(9):6203-6235. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6096203
11. Kalam MA, Ahamed JU, Masjuki HH. Land availability of Jatropha production in Malaysia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2012; 16(6):3999–4007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.025
13. Afiff S. Engineering the jatropha hype in Indonesia. Sustainability 2014; 6(4):1686-1704. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6041686
15. Hunsberger C. Jatropha as a biofuel crop and the economy of appearances: experiences from Kenya. Rev Afr Polit Econ 2013; 41(140):216–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2013.831753
17. Everson CS, Mengistu MG, Gush MB. A field assessment of the agronomic performance and water use of Jatropha curcas in South Africa. Biomass Bioenerg 2013; 59:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.03.013
19. Edrisi SA, Dubey RK, Tripathi V, Bakshi M, Srivastava P, Jamil S, et al. Jatropha curcas L.: a crucified plant waiting for resurgence. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015; 41:855–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.082
21. Timilsina GR. Biofuels in the long-run global energy supply mix for transportation. Philos Trans R Soc London A: Math Phys Eng Sci 2013; 372(2006):20120323. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0323
23. GEXSI LLP. Global market study of Jatropha.; Final Report Prepared for the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), London, Berlin, 2008.
25. Walmsley D, Bailis R, Klein AM, A Global Synthesis of Jatropha cultivation: Insights into Land Use Change and Management practices. Environ Sci Technolo 2016; 50(17):8993-9002. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01274
27. IICA. Pi-ón para Galápagos. 2016. URL Disponible en: http://legacy.iica.int/Esp/regiones/andina/Ecuador/Paginas/proyecto_pi%C3%B1on_pag1.aspx
29. Ca-adas A, Molina C, Rade D, Fernández F. Seasons and planting densities interaction on forage production of eight hybrids maize, Ecuador. Rev MVZ Córdoba 2016; 21(1):5112-5123. https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.22
31. Ca-adas A, Rade D, Domínguez JM, Murillo I, Molina C, Espinel R. Desarrollo y Perspectivas del Pi-ón y Palma Africana para la Producción Sostenible de Biodiesel. Portoviejo, Ecuador. INIAP; 2016.
33. Ca-adas A, Rade D, Domínguez JM, Vargas-Hernández J, Molina C, Macías C. Variation in seed production of Jatropha curcas L. accessions under tropical dry forest conditions in Ecuador. New F, 2017; 48(156):1-15.
35. Van Eijck J, Romijn H, Balkema A, Faaij A. Global experience with jatropha cultivation for bioenergy: An assessment of socio-economic and environmental aspects. Renew Sustainable Energy Rev 2014; 23:869-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.028
37. Ca-adas A, Rade D. Bases económicas y desarrollo sostenible como plataforma para la elaboración de proyectos sostenibles. Ibarra, Ecuador. Ed. UTN; 2013.
39. Ramachandran Nair PK, Mohan Kumar B, Nair VD. Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 2009; 172(1):10-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200800030
41. Moraa V, Iiyama M, Nzuma J, Munster C, Nbatia OLE, Hunsberger C. Food or Jatropha curcas for biodiesel production? A cost benefit analysis in Kwale district. DSA Annual Conference 2009. University of Ulster, Coleraine Campus: University of Nairobi, World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Carleton University Canada; 2009.
43. Tomomatsu Y, Swallow B. Jatropha curcas biodiesel production in Africa: economics and potential value chain development for smallholder farmers. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre; 2007:33. https://doi.org/10.5716/WP15396.PDF
45. Wiskerke WT, Dornburg V, Rubanza CDK, Malimbwi RE, Faaij APC. Cost/benefit analysis of biomass energy supply options for rural smallholders in the semi-arid eastern part of Shinyanga Region in Tanzania. Renew Sustainable Energy Rev 2010; 14:148-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.06.001
47. Wang Z, Calderón MM, Lu Y. Lifecycle assessment of the economic environmental and energy performance of Jatropha curcas L. biodiesel in China. Biomas Bioener 2011; 35:2893-2902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.03.031
49. Basili M, Fontini F. Biofuel from Jatropha curcas: environmental sustainability and option value. Department of Economic Policy, Finance and Development (DEPFID), University of Siena; 2009.
51. Loos TK. Socio-economic impact of a Jatropha-project on smallholder farmers in Mpanda, Tanzania: case study of a public–private-partnership project in Tanzania. Germany: University of Hohenheim, Hohenheim; 2009.
53. GTZ. Jatropha Reality-check: a field assessment of the agronomic and economic viability of Jatropha and other oilseed Crops in Kenya. Eschborn, Germany: Endelevu Energy, World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya Forest Research Institute; 2009.
55. Feto A. Energy, greenhouse gas and economic assessment of biodiesel production from jatropha: the case of Eastern and North Eastern Ethiopia. Haramaya, Ethiopiha: Hamarya University; 2011.
57. Iiyana M, Newman D, Munster C, Nyabenge M, Sileshi G, Moraa V, et al. Productivity of Jatropha curcas under smallholder farm conditions in Kenya. Agroforest Syst 2013; 87(4):729-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-012-9592-7
59. Skutsch M, Ríos Ed. Solís R, Riegelhaupt E, Hinojoso D, Gerfert, et al. Jatropha in México: environmental and social Impacts of an incipient biofuel program. Ecol Soc 2011; 16:11. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04448-160411
61. de Jongh J, Nielsen F. Lessons learned: jatropha for local development. Wageningen, The Netherlands: FACT Foundation, 2011.
63. Axelsson L, Franzén M. Performance of jatropha biodiesel production and its environmental and socio-economic impacts – a case study in Southern India. Göteborg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2010.