Detection of Canine Parvovirus by PCR and its association with some of risk factors

Detección de parvovirus canino por PCR y su asociación con algunos de los factores de riesgo

Objective. Canine parvovirus is one of the most important diseases of dogs all over the world that threaten their health. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of canine parvovirus in dogs referred to the Small Animal Clinic of Tehran University in Tehran province by genomic method of detection. Materials and methods. Diarrheal stool samples were obtained from 60 dogs during the years 2014-2016 and the presence of CPV was investigated by PCR method. Results. Prevalence of canine parvovirus infection in the studied dogs was 8.33% (5 0f 60). No significant differences between different age groups and breeds were found. However, infection was significantly higher in dogs with hemorrhagic diarrhea (3 of 25), but it was not statistically significant using chi-square test (P>0.05). Conclusions. This study showed that hemorrhagic diarrhea and lack of vaccination may be considered as important symptoms and risk factors for canine parvoviral infection in dogs and Dog owners in Iran should be aware of the fact that vaccination against CPV infection must be done carefully and on schedule to control and prevent the virus.

1. Bargujar J, Ahuja A, Bihani DK, Kataria N, Dhuria D. Studies on prevalence, clinical manifestations and therapeutic management in dogs suffering from canine parvovirus infection. JCDR. 2011; 7:9-16.
3. Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, editors. Virus Taxonomy: VIIIth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. USA: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005.
5. Muzyczka N, Berns KI. Parvoviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication. Fields Virology. 3th edition. Knipe DM, Howley PM, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadephia, USA; 2001.
7. Sagazio P, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia D, Cirone F, Bounavoglia C. Antigenic characterization of canine parvovirus strains isolated in Italy. J Virol Methods. 1998; 73:197-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(98)00055-X
9. Decaro N, Desario C, Campolo M, Elia G, Martella V, Ricci D, Lorusso E, Buonavoglia C. Clinical and virological findings in pups naturally infected by canine parvovirus type 2 Glu-426 mutant. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2005; 17:133–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870501700206
11. Shackelton LA, Parrish CR, Truyen U, Holmes EC. High rate of viral evolution associated with the emergence of carnivore parvovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005; 102:379–384. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0406765102
13. Cho HS, Song JE, Park YS. Diagnosis of the canine parvovirus in fecal samples by in situ hybridization. Indian Vet J. 2004; 81:855–859.
15. Schunck B, Kraft W, Truyen U. A simple touch-down polymerase chain reaction for the detection of canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia virus in feces. J Virol Methods. 1995; 55:427–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0934(95)00069-3
17. Sharma P, Rastogi A, Kukreti K, Singh Narwal P. Sensitivity assay of polymerase chain reaction for detection of Canine Parvo Virus infection in dogs. OJCD. 2012; 2:45-47. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojcd.2012.23009
19. Askari FiroozjaiiH, Jafari Shoorijeh S, Mohammadi A, Tamadon A. Characterization of Iranian isolates of canine parvovirus in fecal samples using polymerase chain reaction assay. Iran J Biotechnol. 2011; 9(1):63-68.
21. Dastmalchi Saei H, Javadi S, Akbari S, Hadian N, Zarza E. Molecular characterization of canine parvovirus (CPV) antigenic variants from healthy and diarrheic dogs in Urmia region, Iran. Iran J Vet Med. 2017; 11(1):9-19.
23. Mosallanejad B, Ghorbanpoor Najafabadi M, Avizeh R. The first report of concurrent detection of canine parvovirus and coronavirus in diarrhoeic dogs of Iran. Iran J Vet Res. 2008; 9(3):284-286.
25. Uwatoko K, Sunairi M, Nakajima M, Yamaura K. Rapid method utilizing the polymerase chain reaction for detection of canine parvovirus in feces of diarrhei dogs. Vet Microbiol. 1995; 43:315–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(94)00102-3
27. Mochizuki M, San Gabriel MC, Nakatani H, Yoshida M. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction with virus isolation and hemagglutination assays for the detection of canine parvoviruses in fecal specimens. Res Vet Sci. 1993; 55:60–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5288(93)90035-E
29. Decaro N, Elia G, Martella V, Campolo M, Desario C, Camero M, et al. Characterisation of the canine parvovirus type 2 variants using minor groove binder probe technology. J Virol Methods. 2006; 133:92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.10.026
31. Decaro N, Martella V, Desario C, Bellacicco AL, Camero M, Manna L, et al. First detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in pups with haemorrhagic enteritis in Spain. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2006; 53:468–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00974.x
33. Martella V, Cavalli A, Pratelli A, Bozzo G, Camero M, Buonavoglia D, et al. A canine parvovirus mutant is spreading in Italy. J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42:1333–1336. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.3.1333-1336.2004
35. Nakamura M, Tohya Y, Miyazawa T, Mochizuki M, Phung HT, Nguyen NH, et al. A novel antigenic variant of canine parvovirus from a Vietnamese dog. Arch Virol. 2004; 149:2261–2269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-004-0367-y
37. Phukan A, Baishya B, Deka D, Boro PK. Prevalence of canine parvovirus infection in Assam. Indian Vet J. 2010; 87:972-974.
39. Srinivas VMV, Mukhopadhyay HK, Antony PX, Pillai RM. Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus in Southern India. Vet World. 2013; 6(10):744-749. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2013.744-749
41. Phukan A, Sarma DK, Deka D, Boro P. Standardization of ELISA for detection of canine parvovirus infection. Indian Vet J. 2005; 82:355-356.
43. Singh D, Verma AK, Kumar A, Srivastava M, Singh SK, Tripathi AK, et al. Detection of canine parvo virus by polymerase chain reaction assay and its prevalence in dogs in and around Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India. Am J Biochem Mol Biol. 2013; 3(2):264-270. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbmb.2013.264.270
45. Nandi S, Kumar M, Chidri S, Chauhan RS. Current status of canine parvo virus infection in dogs in India and its pathogenesis. Indian J Vet Pathol. 2008; 32(2):150-157.
47. Joshi DV, Singh SP, Rao VDP, Patel BJ. Diagnosis of canine parvovirus infection by counter immunoelectrophoresis. Indian Vet J. 2000; 77:899-900.
49. Tajpara MM, Jhala MK, Rank DN, Joshi CG. Incidence of canine parvovirus in diarrhoeic dogs by polymerase chain reaction. Indian Vet J. 2009; 86:238-241.
51. Archana Shukla PC, Gupta DK, Kumar B. Epidemiology on canine parvovirus infection. Indian J Vet Sci. 2009; 18(2):42-44.
53. Parthiban S, Mukhopadhyay HK, Panneer D, Antony PX, Pillai RM. Isolation and typing of canine parvovirus in CRFK cell line in Puducherry, South India. Indian J Microbiol. 2011; 51(4):456-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-011-0105-6
55. Xu J, Guo HC, Wei YQ, Shu L, Wang J, Li JS, Cao SZ, Sun SQ. Phylogenetic analysis of canine parvovirus isolates from Sichuan and Gansu Provinces of China in 2011. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2013; 62(1):91-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12078
57. Mohanraj J, Mukhopadhyay HK, Thanislass J, Antony PX, Pillai RM. Isolation, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of canine parvovirus. Infect Genet Evol 2010; 10:1237-1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2010.08.005
59. Deka D, Phukan A, Sarma DK. Epidemiology of parvovirus and coronavirus infections in dogs in Assam. Indian Vet . 2013; 90(9):49-51.
61. Stepita ME, Bain MJ, Kass PH. Frequency of CPV infection in vaccinated puppies that attended puppy socialization classes. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2013; 49:95-100. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-5825