Rickettsioses in Latin America, Caribbean, Spain and Portugal

Rickettsioses in Latin America, Caribbean, Spain and Portugal

Data on genus and infectious by Rickettsia were retrospectively compiled from the critical review literature regarding all countries in Latin America, Caribbean islands, Portugal and Spain. We considered all Rickettsia records reported for human and/or animal hosts, and/or invertebrate hosts considered being the vector. In a few cases, when no direct detection of a given Rickettsia group or species was available for a given country, the serologic method was considered. A total of 13 Rickettsia species have been recorded in Latin America and the Caribbean. The species with the largest number of country confirmed records were Rickettsia felis (9 countries), R. prowazekii (7 countries), R. typhi (6 countries), R. rickettsii (6 countries), R. amblyommii (5 countries), and R. parkeri (4 countries). The rickettsial records for the Caribbean islands (West Indies) were grouped in only one geographical area. Both R. bellii, R. akari, and Candidatus ‘R. andeane’ have been recorded in only 2 countries each, whereas R. massiliae, R. rhipicephali, R.monteiroi, and R. africae have each been recorded in a single country (in this case, R. africae has been recorded in nine Caribbean Islands). For El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, no specific Rickettsia has been reported so far, but there have been serological evidence of human or/and animal infection. The following countries remain without any rickettsial records: Belize, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and Paraguay. In addition, except for a few islands, many Caribbean islands remain without records. A total of 12 Rickettsia species have been reported in Spain and Portugal: R. conorii, R. helvetica, R. monacensis, R. felis, R. slovaca, R. raoultii, R. sibirica, R. aeschlimannii, R. rioja, R. massiliae, R. typhi, and R. prowazekii. Amongst these Rickettsia species reported in Spain and Portugal, only R. prowazekii, R. typhi, R. felis, and R. massiliae have also been reported in Latin America. This study summarizes the current state of art on the rickettsial distribution in Latin America, Caribbean, Spain and Portugal. The data obtained allow a better understanding on rickettsial epidemiology and distribution of vector ecology.

Key words: Acari, epidemiology, rocky mountain spotted fever, vector control. (Source: DeCS)

1. Dykova I, Veverkova M, Fiala I, Machackova B, Peckova H. Nuclearia pattersoni sp n. (Filosea), a new species of amphizoic amoeba isolated from gills of roach (Rutilus rutilus), and itsRickettsial endosymbiont. Folia Parasitol 2003; 50:161–170. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2003.030
3. Perlman SJ, Hunter MS, Zchori-Fein E. The emerging diversity of Rickettsia. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:2097–2106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3541
5. Raoult D, Roux V. Rickettsioses as paradigms of new or emerging infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10:694-719.
7. Labruna MB, Pacheco RC, Nava S, Brandao PE, Richtzenhain LJ, Guglielmone AA. Infection by Rickettsia bellii and Candidatus "Rickettsia amblyommii" in Amblyomma neumanni ticks from Argentina. Microbial Ecology 2007; 54:126-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-006-9180-3
9. McKiel JA, Bell EJ, Lackman DB. Rickettsia canada: a new member of the typhus group of Rickettsiae isolated from Haemaphysalis leporispalustris ticks in Canada. Can J Microbiol 1967; 13:503-510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m67-065
11. Gillespie JJ, Beier MS, Rahman MS, Ammerman NC, Shallom JM, Purkayastha A. Plasmids and Rickettsial evolution: insight from Rickettsia felis. PLoS ONE 2007; 2:e266.
13. Weinert LA, Werren JH, Aebi A, Stone GN, Jiggins FM. Evolution and diversity of Rickettsia bacteria. BMC Biol 2009; 7:6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-7-6
15. Parola P, Davoust B, Raoult D. Tick- and flea-borne Rickettsial emerging zoonoses. Vet Res 2005; 36:469-492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2005004
17. Jado I, Oteo JA, Aldámiz M, Gil H, Escudero R, Ibarra V et al. Rickettsia monacensis and human disease, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:1405-1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1309.060186
19. Paddock CD, Summer JW, Comer JA, Zaki SR, Goldsmith CS, Goddard J et al. Rickettsia parkeri: A newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:805-811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/381894
21. Labruna MB, Pacheco RC, Nava S, Brandão PE, Richtzenhain LJ, Guglielmone AA. Infection by Rickettsia bellii and Candidatus "Rickettsia amblyommii" in Amblyomma neumanni ticks from Argentina. Microb Ecol 2007; 54:126-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-006-9180-3
23. Tomassone L, Nu-ez P, Ceballos LA, Gurtler RE, Kitron U, Farber M. Detection of "Candidatus Rickettsia sp. strain Argentina" and Rickettsia bellii in Amblyomma ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Northern Argentina. Exp Appl Acarol 2010; 52:93-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10493-010-9339-y
25. Cicuttin GL, Rodríguez Vargas M, Jado I, Anda P. Primera detección de Rickettsia massiliae en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Resultados Preliminares. Revista Argentina de Zoonosis 2004; 1:8-10.
27. García- García JC, Portillo A, Nú-ez MJ, Santibá-ez S, Castro B, Oteo JA. Case report: a patient from Argentina infected with Rickettsia massilliae. Am J Trop Hyg 2010; 82:691-692. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0662
29. Seijo A, Picollo M, Nicholson W, Paddock C. Fiebre manchada por Rickettsias en el Delta del Parana: una enfermedad emergente. Medicina (B Aires). 2007; 67:723–726.
31. Nava S, Elshenawy Y, Eremeeva ME, Sumner JW, Mastropaolo M, Paddock CD. Rickettsia parkeri in Argentina. Emerg Infec Dis 2008; 14:1894-1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1412.080860
33. Romer Y, Seijo AC, Crudo F, Nicholson WL, Varela-Stokes A, Lash RR et al. Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:1169-1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1707.101857
34. Paddock CD, Fernández S, Echenique GA, Summer JW, Reeves WK, Zaki SR et al. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 78:687-692.
36. Pacheco RC, Moraes-Filho J, Nava S, Brandao PE, Richtzenhain LJ, Labruna MB. Detection of a novel spotted fever group Rickettsia in Amblyomma parvum ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Argentina. Exp Appl Acarol 2007; 43:63-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10493-007-9099-5
38. Nava S, Pérez-Mártinez L, Venzal JM, Portillo A, Santibá-ez S, Oteo JA. Rickettsia felis in Ctenocephalides felis from Argentina. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008; 8:465-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2007.0243
40. Seijo A. Enfermedades por Rickettsias. In: Cacchione RA, Durlach R, Larghi OP, Martino P. Temas de Zoonosis III. Buenos Aires; Associación Argentina de Zoonosis: 2006.
42. Labruna M, Ogrzewalska M, Moraes-Filho J, Lepe P, Gallegos JL, López J. Rickettsia felis in Chile. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:1794-1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070782
44. López J, Pacheco R, Lepe P, Abarca K, Ogrzewalska M, Richtzenhain L. Detection of Rickettsia felis in Rhipicephalus sanguineus in Chile. Book of Abstracts, VI International Conference on Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens (TTP-6). Poster Nº274. Buenos Aires; 2008.
46. Krauss R. La fiebre petequial (tifus exantemático), sus focos americanos y su diagnóstico, Rev Méd Chile 1919; 47:131-138.
48. Balcels ME, Rabagliati R, García P, Poggi H, Oddó D, Concha M et al. An endemic scrub typhus-like illness in South America: a case in Chile. Emerg Infec Dis 2011.
50. Conti-Díaz IA, Rubio I, Somma Moreira R, Pérez Dormida G. Rickettsiosis cutáneo-ganglionar por Rickettsia conorii en el Uruguay. Rev Inst Med trop S Paulo 1990; 32:313-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46651990000500001
52. Conti-Díaz IA. Rickettsiosis por Rickettsia conorii (fiebre botonosa del Mediterráneo o fiebre de Marsella). Estado actual en Uruguay. Rev Med Uruguay 2001; 17:119-124.
54. Conti-Díaz IA. Rickettsiosis caused by Rickettsia conorii in Uruguay. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 990:264-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07375.x
56. Conti-Díaz IA, Moraes-Filho J, Pacheco RC, Labruna MB. Serological evidence of Rickettsia parkeri as etiological agent of rickettsiosis in Uruguay. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2009; 51:337-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652009000600005
58. Pacheco RC, Venzal JM, Richtzenhain LJ, Labruna MB. Rickettsia parkeri in Uruguay. Emerg Inf Dis 2006; 12:1804-1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1211.060577
59. Venzal JM, Portillo A, Estrada-Pe-a A, Castro O, Cabrera PA, Oteo JA. Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma triste from Uruguay. Emerg Infec Dis 2004; 10:1493-1495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1008.030999
61. Venzal JM, Pérez-Martínez L, Félix ML, Portillo A, Blanco JR, Oteo JA. Prevalence of Rickettsia felis in Ctenocephalides felis and Ctenocephalides canis from Uruguay. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1078:305-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1374.056
63. Paddock CD, Fournier PE, Sumner JW, Goddard J, Elshenawy Y, Metcalfe MG et al. Isolation of Rickettsia parkeri and identification of a novel spotted fever group Rickettsia sp. from Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2689-2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02737-09
65. Magalhães O. Contribuição para o conhcimento das doenças do grupo "Tifo Exantemático" no Brasil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1957; 55:191-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761957000200003
67. Sexton DJ, Muniz M, Corey GR, Breitschwerdt EB, Hegarty BC, Dumler S et al. Brazilian spotted fever in Espirito Santo, Brazil: description of a focus of infection in a new endemic region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993; 49:222-226.
69. Spolidorio MG, Labruna MB, Machado RZ, Moraes-Filho J, Zago AM, Donatele DM et al. Survey for tick-borne zoonoses in the state of Espirito Santo, southeastern Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83:201-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0595
71. Moreira JA, Magalhães O. Thypho exanthematico em Minas Gerais. Brasil-Médico 1935; 44:465–470.
73. Galvão MA, Dumler JS, Mafra CL, Calic SB, Chamone CB, Cesarino Filho G et al. Fatal spotted fever rickettsiosis, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9:1402-1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0911.030193
75. Guedes E, Leite RC, Prata MCA, Pacheco RC, Walker DH, Labruna MB. Detection of Rickettsia rickettsii in the tick Amblyomma cajennense in a new Brazilian spotted fever endemic area in the state of Minas Gerais. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:841-845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762005000800004
77. Pacheco RC, Moraes-Filho J, Guedes E, Silveira I, Richtzenhain LJ, Leite RC et al. Rickettsial infections of dogs, horses and ticks in Juiz de Fora, southeastern Brazil, and isolation ofRickettsia rickettsii from Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. Med Vet Entomol 2011; 25:148-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00915.x
79. Gonçalves AJR, Lopes PFA, Melo JCP, Pereira AA, Pinto AMM, Lazera MS et al. Rickettsioses – a propósito de quatro casos diagnosticados no Rio de Janeiro de febre maculosa brasileira. F Méd (BR) 1981; 82:127-134.
81. Lamas C, Favacho A, Rozental T, Bóia MN, Kirsten AH, Guterres A et al. Characterization of Rickettsia rickettsii in a case of fatal Brazilian spotted fever in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2008; 12:149-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-86702008000200010
83. Gehrke FS, Gazeta GS, Souza ER, Ribeiro A, Marrelli MT, Schumaker TT. Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia felis and Rickettsia sp. TwKM03 infecting Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ctenocephalides felis collected from dogs in a Brazilian spotted fever focus in the State of Rio De Janeiro/Brazil. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15(Suppl 2):267-268.
85. Travassos J. Identification d'un virus semblable a celui du "Typhus exanthématique de Sao Paulo", isolé de la sarigue marsupiale (Didelphis paraguayensis). Compt Rend Soc Biol 1937; 126:1054-1056.
87. Vallejo-Freire A. Spotted fever in Mexico. Mem Inst Butantan 1946; 19:159-180.
89. Pinter A, Labruna MB. Isolation of Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia bellii in cell culture from the tick Amblyomma aureolatum in Brazil. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1078:523–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1374.103
91. Moraes-Filho J, Pinter A, Pacheco RC, Gutmann TB, Barbosa SO, Gonzáles MA et al. New epidemiological data on Brazilian spotted fever in an endemic area of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis 2009; 9:73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2007.0227
93. Labruna MB, Kamakura O, Moraes-Filho J, Horta MC, Pacheco RC. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in dogs, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:458-460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1503.081227
95. Silva LJ, Papaiordanou PMO. Tifo murino (endêmico) no Brasil: relato de caso e revisão. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo 2004; 46:283–285.
97. Travassos J, Rodrigues PM, Carrijo LN. Tifo murino em São Paulo. Identificação da Rickettsia mooseri isolada de um caso humano. Mem Inst Butantan 1949; 21:77–106.
99. Labruna MB, Whitworth T, Horta MC, Bouyer DH, McBride JW, Pinter A et al. Rickettsia species infecting Amblyomma cooperi ticks from an area in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, where Brazilian spotted fever is endemic. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.1.90-98.2004
101. Horta MC, Labruna MB, Pinter A, Linardi PM, Schumaker TT. Rickettsia infection in five areas of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102:793-801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762007000700003
103. Silveira I, Pacheco RC, Szabó MP, Ramos HG, Labruna MB. Rickettsia parkeri in Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:1111-1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1307.061397
105. Ogrzewalska M, Pacheco RC, Uezu A, Richtzenhain LJ, Ferreira F, Labruna MB. Rickettsial infection in Amblyomma nodosum ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Brazil. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2009; 103:413-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136485909X451744
107. Pacheco RC, Horta MC, Moraes-Filho J, Ataliba AC, Pinter A, Labruna MB. Rickettsial infection in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from São Paulo, Brazil: serological evidence for infection by Rickettsia bellii and Rickettsia parkeri. Biomedica 2007; 27:364– 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v27i3.199
109. Spolidorio MG, Labruna MB, Mantovani E, Brandao PE, Richtzenhain LJ, Yoshinari NH. Novel spotted Fever group rickettsiosis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:521-523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091338
111. Sabatini GS, Pinter A, Nieri-Bastos FA, Marcili A, Labruna MB. Survey of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and their Rickettsia in an Atlantic rain forest reserve in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. J Med Entomol 2010; 47:913-916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/47.5.913 http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME10073
112. Silva N, Eremeeva ME, Rozental T, Ribeiro GS, Paddock CD, G Ramos EA et al. Eschar-associated Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:275-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1702.100859
114. Raoult D, La Scola B, Enea M, Fournier PE, Roux V, Fenollar F et al. A flea-associated Rickettsia pathogenic for humans. Emerg Infec Dis 2001; 7:73-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0701.010112
116. Oliveira RP, Galvão MA, Mafra CL, Chamone CB, Calic SB, Silva SU et al. Rickettsia felis in Ctenocephalides spp. fleas, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8:317-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0803.010301
118. Horta MC, Scott FB, Correia TR, Fernandes JI, Richtzenhain LJ, Labruna MB. Rickettsia felis infection in cat fleas Ctenocephalides felis felis. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:813-818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822010000300035
120. Horta MC, Pinter A, Cortez A, Soares RM, Gennari SM, Schumaker TTS et al. Rickettsia felis (Rickettsiales:Rickettsiaceae) in Ctenocephalides felis felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 2005; 57:321-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352005000300008
122. Horta MC, Chiebao DP, de Souza DB, Ferreira F, Pinheiro SR, Labruna MB et al. Prevalence of Rickettsia felis in the fleas Ctenocephalides felis felis and Ctenocephalides canis from two Indian villages in Sao Paulo Municipality, Brazil. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1078:361-363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1374.071
124. Labruna MB, Whitworth T, Bouyer DH, McBride JW, Camargo LMA, Camargo EP et al. Rickettsia bellii and Rickettsia amblyommii in Amblyomma ticks from the state of Rondônia, Western Amazon, Brazil. J Med Entomol 2004; 41:1073-1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.6.1073
126. Ogrzewalska M, Pacheco RC, Uezu A, Ferreira F, Labruna MB. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting wild birds in an Atlantic Forest area in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, with isolation ofRickettsia from the tick Amblyomma longirostre. J Med Entomol 2008; 45:770-774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[770:TAIIWB]2.0.CO;2
127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/45.4.770
129. Ogrzewalska M, Uezu A, Labruna MB. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting wild birds in the eastern Amazon, Northern Brazil, with notes on Rickettsial infection in ticks. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:809-816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1733-1
131. Ogrzewalska M, Uezu A, Labruna MB. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting wild birds in the Atlantic Forest in northeastern Brazil, with notes on Rickettsial infection in ticks. Parasitol Res 2011; 108:665-670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2111-8
133. Labruna MB, Camargo LM, Camargo EP, Walker DH. Detection of a spotted fever group Rickettsia in the tick Haemaphysalis juxtakochi in Rondonia, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2005; 127:169-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.024
135. Labruna MB, Horta MC, Aguiar DM, Cavalcante GT, Pinter A, Gennari SM et al. Prevalence of Rickettsia infection in dogs from the urban and rural areas of Monte Negro municipality, western Amazon, Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2007; 7:249-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2006.0621
136. Labruna MB, Pacheco RC, Richtzenhain LJ, Szabó MP. Isolation of Rickettsia rhipicephali and Rickettsia bellii from ticks Haemaphysalis juxtakochi in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:869–873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02249-06
138. Pacheco RC, Rosa S, Richtzenhain LJ, Szabó MPJ, Labruna MB. Isolation of Rickettsia bellii from Amblyomma ovale and Amblyomma incisum ticks from southern Brazil. Rev MVZ Córdoba 2008; 13:1273-1279.
140. Pacheco RC, Horta MC, Pinter A, Moraes-Filho J, Martins TF, Nardi MS et al. Pesquisa de Rickettsia spp em carrapatos Amblyomma cajennense e Amblyomma dubitatum no Estado de São Paulo. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 42:351-353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822009000300023
142. Pacheco RC, Moraes-Filho J, Marcili A, Richtzenhain LJ, Szabó MP, Catroxo MH et al. Rickettsia monteiroi sp. nov. Infecting the tick Amblyomma incisum in Brazil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77(15):5207-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.05166-11
144. Saito TB, Cunha-Filho NA, Pacheco RC, Ferreira F, Pappen FG, Farias NA et al. Canine infection by Rickettsiae and ehrlichiae in southern Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 79:102-108.
146. Angerami RN, da Silva AM, Nascimento EM, Colombo S, Wada MY, dos Santos FC et al. Brazilian spotted fever: two faces of a same disease? A comparative study of clinical aspects between an old and a new endemic area in Brazil. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15(Suppl 2):207-208.
148. Fortes FS, Silveira I, Moraes-Filho J, Leite RV, Bonacim JE, Biondo AW et al. Seroprevalence of Rickettsia bellii and Rickettsia felis in dogs, São José dos Pinhais, State of Paraná, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2010; 19:222-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612010000400006
150. Freitas MC, Grycajuk M, Molento MB, Bonacin J, Labruna MB, Pacheco RC et al. Brazilian spotted fever in cart horses in a non-endemic area in Southern Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2010; 19:130-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.01902013
152. Costa PS, Brigatte ME, Greco DB. Antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia typhi, Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis among healthy population in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:853-859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762005000800006
154. Tomassone L, Conte V, Parrilla G, De Meneghi D. Rickettsia infection in dogs and Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma tigrinum ticks, Cochabamba Department, Bolivia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 10:953-958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2009.0126
156. Boletin de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana. Washington; Ano20: 1941.
157. Hidalgo M, Orejuela L, Fuya P, Carrillo P, Hernandez J, Parra E et al. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:1058-1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1307.060537
159. Patino L, Afanador A, Paul JH. A spotted fever in Tobia, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1937; 17:639-53.
161. Acosta J, Urquijo L, Díaz A, Sepúlveda M, Mantilla G, Heredia D et al. Brote de rickettsiosis en Necoclí, Antioquia, febrero -marzo de 2006. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac 2006; 11:177-192.
163. Pacheco O, Giraldo M, Hidalgo M, Galeano A, Echeverri I, Echevarria L et al. Estudio de brote febril hemorrágico en el corregimiento de Alto de Mulatos - Distrito Especial Portuario de Turbo, Antioquia, enero de 2008. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac 2008; 13:145-160.
165. Hidalgo M, Lizarazo D, Ovalle M, Casta-eda E, Heredia D, Zambrano P et al. Brote de rickettsiosis en Los Córdobas, departamento de Córdoba, febrero-marzo 2007. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac 2007; 12:367-378.
167. Hidalgo M, Miranda J, Heredia D, Zambrano P, Vesga JF, Lizarazo D et al. Outbreak of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Córdoba, Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2011; 106:117-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762011000100019
169. Miranda A, Florez S, Mattar S. Alta seroprevalencia de rickettsiosis en trabajadores del campo en el municipio de Ciénaga de Oro, Córdoba. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 2001; 7:71-75.
171. Hidalgo M, Sánchez R, Orejuela L, Hernández J, Walker DH, Valbuena G. Prevalence of antibodies against spotted fever group Rickettsiae in a rural area of Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007; 77(2):378-380.
173. Miranda J, Contreras V, Negrete Y, Labruna MB, Mattar S. Vigilancia de la infección por Rickettsia sp en capibaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) un modelo potencial de alerta epidemiológica en zonas endémicas. Biomédica 2011; 31: 216-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v31i2.306
175. Blair PJ, Jiang J, Schoeler GB, Moron C, Anaya E, Cespedes M et al. Characterization of spotted fever group Rickettsiae in flea and tick specimens from northern Peru. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4961-497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.11.4961-4967.2004
177. Raoult D, Birtles RJ, Montoya M, Perez E, Tissot-Dupont H, Roux V et al. Survey of three bacterial louse-associated diseases among rural Andean communities in Peru: prevalence of epidemic typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:434-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/520229
179. Anaya E. Prevenção e controle das rickettsioses no Peru. In: Consulta de especialistas OPAS/OMS sobre rickettsioses nas Américas. Relatório final. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde; 2004.
181. Labruna MB. Ecology of Rickettsia in South America. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1166:156-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04516.x
183. Schoeler GB, Morón C, Richards A, Blair PJ, Olson JG. Human spotted fever Rickettsial infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:622-624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1104.040287
184. Forshey BM, Stewart A, Morrison AC, Gálvez H, Rocha C, Astete H et al. Epidemiology of spotted fever group and typhus group Rickettsial infection in the Amazon basin of Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 82:683-690. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0355
186. Macchiavelo A. El tifo Exantemático en el Ecuador. I Estudio Experimental de Cepas Aisladas en el Ecuador Interandino. Revista ecuatoriana de Higiene y Medicina Tropical 1944; 1:3-16.
188. González Hidalgo, G. Campa-a contra el Tifo Exantemático. Boletín No 11. Quito: Ministerio de Prevision Social; 1942.
190. Macchiavelo A. Aspectos Clínicos de las Enfermedades Rickettsiales. Primera Reunión Interamericana de Tifo, México; 1945.
192. Fuentes LG. Primer caso de fiebre de las Monta-as Rocosas en Costa Rica, América Central. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1979; 21:167–172.
194. Hun L, Cortés X, Taylor L. Molecular characterization of Rickettsia rickettsii isolated from Human Clinical Samples and from the Rabbit Tick Haemaphysalis leporispalustris Collected at Different Geographic Zones in Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 79:899–902.
196. Hun-Opfer L. Revisión. Las fiebres manchadas y su importancia en Costa Rica. Acta Médica Costarricense 2008; 50:77-86.
198. Hun L, Herrero L, Fuentes L, Vargas M 1991. Tres nuevos casos de Fiebres Manchadas de las Monta-as Rocosas en Costa Rica. Rev Costarricense Ciencias Medicas 1991; 12:51-56.
200. Fuentes L, Calderón A, Hun L. Isolation and identification of Rickettsia rickettsii from the rabbit tick Haemophysalis leporispalustris in the Atlantic zone of Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985; 34:564:567.
202. Peacock MG, Ormsbee RA, Johnson KM. Rickettsioses of Central America.Am J Trop Med Hyg 1971; 20:941-949.
204. Hun L, Troyo A, Taylor L, Barbieri AM, Labruna MB. First Report of the Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Rickettsia amblyommii and Rickettsia felis in Central America. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; [Epub ahead of print]
206. Fuentes L. Ecological Study of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986; 35:192-196.
208. WHO 1993. Global surveillance of Rickettsial diseases: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull World Health Organ 1993; 71:293-296.
210. Kovácová E, Sixl W, Stünzner D, Urvölgyi J, Kazár J. Serological examination of human and animal sera from six countries of three continents for the presence of Rickettsial antibodies. Eur J Epidemiol 1996; 12:85-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00144434
212. Parola P, Matsumoto K, Socolovschi C, Parzy D, Raoult D. A tick-borne Rickettsia of the spotted-fever group, similar to Rickettsia amblyommii, in French Guyana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2007; 101:185-188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136485907154557
214. Chen LH, Wilson ME. Tick-borne rickettsiosis in traveler returning from Honduras. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:1321-1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1508.090172
216. McCown M, Grzeszak B. Zoonotic and infectious disease surveillance in Central America: Honduran feral cats positive for Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Rickettsia, and Lyme disease. J Spec Oper Med. 2010; 10:41-43.
218. Estripeaut D, Aramburú MG, Sáez-Llorens X, Thompson HA, Dasch GA, Paddock CD, et al. Rocky mountain spotted fever, Panama. Emerg Infec Dis 2007; 13:1763-1765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1311.070931
220. Rodaniche EC, Rodaniche A. Spotted fever in Panama. Isolation of the etiologic agent from a fatal case. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1950; 30:511-517.
222. Rodaniche EC. Natural infection of the tick Amblyomma cajennense with Rickettsia rickettsii in Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1953; 2:696-699.
224. Yunker CE, Brennan JM, Hughes LE, Philip CB, Clifford CM, Peralta PH et al. Isolation of viral and Rickettsial agents from Panamanian Acarina. J Med Entomol 1975; 12:250-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/12.2.250
226. Bermúdez SE, Zaldívar Y, Spolidorio M, Moraes-Filho J, Miranda R, Caballero C et al. Rickettsial infection in domestic mammals and their ectoparasites in El Valle de Antón, Coclé, Panamá. Vet Parasitol 2011;(doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.020).
228. Bermúdez SE, Eremeeva ME, Karpathy SE, Samudio FE, Zambrano ML, Zaldívar YL et al. Detection and identification of Rickettsial agents in ticks from domestic mammals in Eastern Panama. J Med Entomol 2009; 46:856-861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/033.046.0417
230. Calero C. Outbreak of Typhus of Murine Type. Am J Trop Med 1948; 28:313-321.
232. Secretaría de Salud, Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica. Rickettsiosis. Semana 6. Vigilancia Epidemiológica 2010; 6(27).
234. Eremeeva ME, Zambrano ML, Anaya L, Beati L, Karpathy S, Santos-Silva MM et al. Rickettsia rickettsii in Rhipicephalus ticks, Mexicali, Mexico. J Med Entomol 2011; 48:418-421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME10181
236. Zarate-Aquino ML. Las Rickettsias y las Rickettsiasis en Mexico. In: Escobar GA, Valdespino GJ, Sepulveda AJ, ed. Vacunas, ciencia y salud. Mexico: Secretara de Salud; 1992.
238. Bustamante ME, Varela G. Distribuicion de lãs Rickettsiasis en Mexico (tifo murino, tifo clásico y fiebre manchada). Rev Inst Salub Enf Trop 1947; 8:3-14.
240. Oliveira KA, Pinter A, Medina-Sanchez A, Boppana VD, Wikel SK, Saito TB et al. Amblyomma imitator ticks as vectors of Rickettsia rickettsii, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:1282-1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1608.100231
241. Bustamante ME, Varela G. Una nueva rickettsiosis en México. Existencia de la Fiebre Manchada americana en los estados de Sinaloa y Sonora. Rev Inst Salub Enf Trop 1943; 4:189-211.
243. Martínez-Medina MA, Solís-Gallardo LP, Padilla-Zamudio G, Guevara-Tovar M. Fiebre manchada de las monta-as rocosas. Informe de dos casos. Gac Méd Méx 2005; 141:309-312.
245. Mariotte CO, Bustamante ME. Hallazgo del Rhipicephalus sanguineus infectado naturalmente con Fiebre Manchada en Sonora (México). Rev Inst Salud Enf Trop 1944; 5:297-300.
247. Bustamante ME, Varela G. Características de la fiebre manchada de las Monta-as Rocosas en Sonora y Sinaloa. Rev Inst Salub Enf Trop 1944; 5:129-136.
249. álvarez-Hernández G. La Fiebre Manchada de las Monta-as Rocosas, una epidemia olvidada. Salud Pública de México 2010; 52:1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342010000100002
251. Martínez-Medina MA, álvarez-Hernández G, Rojas-Guerra MG, Padilla-Zamudio JG. Fiebre Manchada de las Monta-as Rocosas en ni-os: consideraciones clínicas y epidemiológicas. Gac Méd Méx 2007; 143:137-140.
253. Bustamante ME, Varela G. Estudios de fiebre manchada en México: Hallazgo del Amblyomma cajennense naturalmente infectado en Veracruz. Rev Inst Salub Enfs Trop 1946; 7:75-78.
255. Zavala-Castro JE, Zavala-Velázquez JE, Walker DH, Ruiz Arcila EE, Laviada-Molina H, Olano JP et al. Fatal human infection with Rickettsia rickettsii, Yucatán, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:672-674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1204.051282
257. Zavala-Castro JE, Dzul-Rosado KR, León JJ, Walker DH, Zavala-Velázquez JE. An increase in human cases of spotted fever rickettsiosis in Yucatan, Mexico, involving children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 79:907-910.
259. Zavala-Velázquez JE, Ruiz-Sosa JA, Sánchez-Elias RA, Becerra-Carmona G, Walker DH. Rickettsia felis rickettsiosis in Yucatán. Lancet 2000; 356(9235):1079-1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02735-5
261. Zavala-Castro JE, Zavala-Velázquez J, Walker D, Pérez-Osorio J, Peniche-Lara G. Severe human infection with Rickettsia felis associated with hepatitis in Yucatan, Mexico. Int J Med Microbiol 2009; 299:529-533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2009.03.002
263. Zavala-Velázquez JE, Zavala-Castro JE, Vado-Solís I, Ruiz-Sosa JA, Moron CG, Bouyer DH. Identification of Ctenocephalides felis fleas as a host of Rickettsia felis, the agent of a spotted fever rickettsiosis in Yucatán, Mexico. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2002; 2:69-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/153036602321131869
265. Zavala-Velázquez J, Laviada-Molina H, Zavala-Castro J, Perez-Osorio C, Becerra-Carmona G, Ruiz-Sosa JA et al. Rickettsia felis, the agent of an emerging infectious disease: Report of a new case in Mexico. Arch Med Res 2006; 37:419-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.08.003
267. Zavala-Castro JE, Zavala-Velázquez JE, del Rosario García M, León JJ, Dzul-Rosado KR. A dog naturally infected with Rickettsia akari in Yucatan, México. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009; 9:345-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2008.0189
268. Zavala-Castro JE, Zavala-Velázquez JE, Peniche-Lara GF, Sulú Uicab JE. Human Rickettsialpox, southeastern Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:1665-1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1510.081507
270. Sistema Nacional de Investigación Epidemiológica. Una Enfermedad Presente pero Olvidada, Número 46 Volumen 27 Semana 46 Del 14 al 20 de Noviembre de 2010.
272. Mercado Uribe MC, Martínez Arce PA, Contreras García H, Paredes Casillas P. Tifo epidémico en Jalisco, presentación de un caso clínico pediátrico. Enf Inf Microbiol 2006; 26:64-66.
274. Alcantara VE, Gallardo EG, Hong C, Walker DH.Typhus group Rickettsiae antibodies in rural Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:549-551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1003.030438
276. Martín-Cortés G, Gámez-Moreno R. Tifus epidémico en Nuevo León. Presentación del primer caso clínico pediátrico. Revista de Enfermedades Infecciosas en Pediatría 2008; v.22, n.86.
278. Medina-Sanchez A, Bouyer DH, Alcantara-Rodriguez V, Mafra C, Zavala-Castro J, Whitworth T et al. Detection of a typhus group Rickettsia in Amblyomma ticks in the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1063:327-332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1355.052
280. Acuna-Soto R, Calderón-Romero L, Romero-López D, Bravo-Lindoro A. Murine typhus in Mexico City. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000; 94:45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90432-2
282. García GJ, Garciadiego FP, Mendoza AR, Espinosa AL, Moreno SF, Rábago AJ. Tifo murino en el estado de Oaxaca después del huracán Wilma. An Med Asoc Med Hosp ABC 2007; 52:198-205.
284. Zavala-Castro JE, Zavala-Velázquez JE, Sulú Uicab JE. Murine typhus in child, Yucatan, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:972-974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1506.081367
286. Parola P, Jourdan J, Raoult D. Tick-borne infection caused by Rickettsia africae in the West Indies. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199805073381918
288. Parola P, Vestris G, Martinez D, Brochier B, Roux V, Raoult D. Tick-borne rickettiosis in Guadeloupe, the French West Indies: isolation of Rickettsia africae from Amblyomma variegatum ticks and serosurvey in humans, cattle, and goats. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60:888-893.
290. Kelly PJ, Fournier PE, Parola P, Raoult D. A survey for spotted fever group Rickettsiae and ehrlichiae in Amblyomma variegatum from St. Kitts and Nevis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 69:58-59.
292. Kelly P, Lucas H, Beati L, Yowell C, Mahan S, Dame J. Rickettsia africae in Amblyomma variegatum and domestic ruminants on eight Caribbean islands. J Parasitol 2010; 96:1086-1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2552.1
294. Parola P, Attali J, Raoult D. First detection of Rickettsia africae on Martinique, in the French West Indies. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2003; 97:535-537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000349803225001382
295. Thorton SA. The 41st Annual meeting of Infectious Diseases Society of America, San Diego, USA, 2003: (http://www.idsociety.org/me/am2003/ABS¬_invitedOral.pdf).
297. Kelly PJ, Lucas H, Eremeeva ME, Dirks KG, Rolain JM, Yowell C et al. Rickettsia felis, West Indies. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:570-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1603.091431
299. Tamsitt JR, Valdivieso D. Los murcielagos y la salud pública. Estudo con especial referencia a Puerto Rico. Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana (OSP) 1970; 69:122-140.
301. Carde-osa N, Roux V, Font V, San Feliu I, Raoult D, Segura F. Isolation and identification of two spotted fever Rickettsial strains from patients in Catalonia, Spain. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 62:142-144.
303. Fernández-Soto P, Pérez-Sánchez R, Encinas-Grandes A, Sanz RA. Detection and identification of Rickettsia helvetica and Rickettsia sp. IRS3/IRS4 in Ixodes ricinus ticks found on humans in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23:648-649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-004-1184-7
305. Oteo JA, Portillo A, Santibá-ez S, Blanco JR, Pérez-Martínez L, Ibarra V. Cluster of cases of human Rickettsia felis infection from Southern Europe (Spain) diagnosed by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:2669-2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00366-06
307. Oteo JA, Ibarra V, Blanco JR, Martínez de Artola V, Márquez FJ, Portillo A et al. Dermacentor-borne necrosis erythema and lymphadenopathy: clinical and epidemiological features of a new tick-borne disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10:327-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1198-743X.2004.00782.x
309. Aguirrebengoa K, Portillo A, Santibá-ez S, Marín JJ, Montejo M, Oteo JA. Human Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae infection, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:528-529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070987
311. Oteo JA, Portillo A, Blanco JR, Ibarra V, Pérez L, Izco C, et al. Low risk of developing human Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection in the North of Spain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1063:349-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1355.057
313. Hernández Cabrera M, Angel-Moreno A, Santana E, Bola-os M, Francès A, Martín-Sánchez MS et al. Murine typhus with renal involvement in Canary Islands, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:740-743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1004.030532
315. Blanco JR, Oteo JA. Rickettsiosis in Europe. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1078:26-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1374.003
317. Portillo A, Ibarra V, Santibá-ez S, Pérez-Martínez L, Blanco JR, Oteo JA. Genetic characterisation of ompA, ompB and gltA genes from Candidatus Rickettsia rioja. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15(Suppl 2):307-308.
318. Bacellar F, Regnery RL, Nuncio MS, Filipe AR. Genotypic evaluation of Rickettsial isolates recovered from various species of ticks in Portugal. Epidemiol Infect 1995; 114:169-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095026880005202X
320. Bacellar F, Beati L, França A, Poças J, Regnery R, Filipe A. Israeli spotted fever Rickettsia (Rickettsia conorii complex) associated with human disease in Portugal. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 5:835-836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0506.990620
322. Bacellar F. Ticks and Spotted fever Rickettsiae in Portugal. In: Raoult D, Brouqui F, (Eds.) Rickettsiae and Rickettsial diseases at the turn of the third millennium. Paris: Elsevier; 1999.
324. Sousa R, Santos-Silva M, Santos AS, Barros SC, Torgal J, Walker DH. Rickettsia conorii Israeli tick typhus strain isolated from Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks in Portugal.Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2007; 7:444-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2006.0628
326. Sousa R, França A, Dória Nòbrega S, Belo A, Amaro M, Abreu T et al. Host- and microbe-related risk factors for and pathophysiology of fatal Rickettsia conorii infection in Portuguese patients. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:576-585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/590211
328. Santos-Silva MM, Sousa R, Santos AS, Melo P, Encarnação V, Bacellar F. Ticks parasitizing wild birds in Portugal: detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii, R. helvetica and R. massiliae. Exp Appl Acarol 2006; 39:331-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10493-006-9008-3
330. De Carvalho IL, Milhano N, Santos AS, Almeida V, Barros SC, De Sousa R. Detection of Borrelia lusitaniae, Rickettsia sp. IRS3, Rickettsia monacensis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes ricinus collected in Madeira Island, Portugal. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008; 8:575-579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2007.0245
332. Milhano N, De Carvalho IL, Alves AS, Arroube S, Soares J, Rodriguez P et al. Coinfections of Rickettsia slovaca and Rickettsia helvetica with Borrelia lusitaniae in ticks collected in a Safari Park, Portugal. Ticks and Tick-borne Dis 2010; 1:172-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2010.09.003
334. Sousa R, Edouard-Fournier P, Santos-Silva M, Amaro F, Bacellar F, Raoult D. Molecular detection of Rickettsia felis, Rickettsia typhi and two genotypes closely related to Bartonella elizabethae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 75:727-731.
336. Alves AS, Milhano N, Santos-Silva M, Santos AS, Vilhena M, de Sousa R. Evidence of Bartonella spp., Rickettsia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in domestic, shelter and stray cat blood and fleas, Portugal. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15(Suppl 2):1-3.
338. Bacellar F, Nuncio MS, Alves MJ, Filipe AR. Rickettsia slovaca: an agent of the group of exanthematous fevers, in Portugal. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1995; 13: 218-223.
340. Sousa R, Barata C, Vitorino L, Santos-Silva M, Carrapato C, Torgal J et al. Rickettsia sibirica isolation from a patient and detection in ticks, Portugal. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:1103-1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1207.051494
341. Sousa R, Duque L, Anes M, Poças J, Torgal J, Bacellar F et al. Lymphangitis in a Portuguese patient infected with Rickettsia sibirica. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:529-530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1403.070680
343. Santos-Silva M, Sousa R, Santos AS, Lopes D, Queijo E, Doreta A et al. Ticks and tick-borne Rickettsiae surveillance in Montesinho Natural Park, Portugal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1078:137-1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1374.023
345. Bacellar F, Lencastre I, Filipe AR. Is murine typhus re-emerging in Portugal? Euro Surveill 1998; 3:18-20.
347. Freitas E, Freitas L, Barros A, Bacelar F, Filipe A, Almeida V. Murine typhus: an outbreak in Porto Santo Island-Madeira Archipelago. Eur J Int Med 1997; 8:120.
349. André E, Correia R, Castro P, Neto M, Roler J, Bacelar F et al. Tifo murino em Portugal. Acta Médica Portuguesa 1998; 11:81-85.
351. Oteo JA, Portillo A, Blanco JR, Ibarra V, Santibá-ez S. Rickettsia africae infection. Three cases confirmed by PCR. Med Clin (Barc) 2004; 122:786-788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1157/13062674
353. Gehrke FS. Detecção e caracterização molecular de riquétsias em humanos, potenciais vetores e animais domésticos da região sudeste do Brasil. [Tese de Doutorado]. Sapo Paulo, Brasil: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidad de São Paulo; 2010.
355. Almeida DN, Favacho AR, Rozental T, Barcauib H, Guterres A, Gomes R et al. Fatal spotted fever group rickettsiosis due to Rickettsia conorii conorii mimicking a hemorrhagic viral fever in a South African traveler in Brazil. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 2010; 1:149-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2010.05.002
357. Hidalgo M, Salguero E, de la Ossa A, Sánchez R, Vesga JF, Orejuela L et al. Murine typhus in Caldas, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 78:321-322.
359. OPAS. Consulta de especialistas OPAS/OMS sobre rickettsioses nas Américas. Relatório final. Rio de Janeiro: Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Brazil; 2004.