Anti-leptospiral agglutinins in marmosets (Saguinus oedipus and Saguinus leucopus) from illegal trade

Anti-leptospiral agglutinins in marmosets (Saguinus oedipus and Saguinus leucopus) from illegal trade

ABSTRACT

Objective. Determine the infection status with pathogenic Leptospira of one Saguinus oedipus and nine Saguinus leucopus at the Cali Zoo that had been confiscated in Colombia from illegal trade. Materials and methods. A full physical examination, blood work, urinalysis were conducted in all individuals during the reception health check-up, in addition to running the microagglutination test with a pool of 19 serovars, with a starting dilution of 1:50. Results. A high positive titer (≥1:3200) to Leptospira alexanderi serovar manhao in an asymptomatic S. oedipus was detected. All S. leucopus tested negative or less than 1:50. Conclusions. Captive locations have been documented to artificially enhance opportunities to come into contact with contaminated bodily fluids from peridomestic rodents. However, infectious diseases acquired during the illegal transport of wildlife to major metropolitan centers are rarely considered a wildlife conservation or public health threat. Infection with zoonotic pathogens should also be considered an additional threat to endangered wild primates involved in illegal trade, which could hamper reintroduction efforts or other population management procedures for primate species with restricted and fragmented distributions.

1. Adler B, de la Pena-Moctezuma A. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol 2010; 140(3-4):287-96.
2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.012
4. Pavlin BI, Scholoegel LM, Daszak P. Risk of importing zoonotic diseases through wildlife trade, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15(11):1721-26.
5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1511.090467
7. Minette HP. 1966. Leptospirosis in primates other than man. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1966; 15(2):190–198.
9. Ulloa A, Baptiste-Ballera LG. Editores. Rostros culturales de la fauna. 1a edición. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander Von Humboldt and Instituto Colombiano de Antropologia e Historia; 2002.
11. International Union for the Conservation of Nature – IUCN. 2014 [July 20 2014]; available in: http://www.iucn.org.
13. Instituto de Hidrologia, Metereologia y Estudios Ambientales – IDEAM. 2014 [August 10 2014]; available in: http://bart.ideam.gov.co/cliciu/cali/tabla.htm
15. Savage A, Giraldo LH, Blumer ES, Soto LH, Burger W, Snowdon CT. Field techniques for monitoring cotton-top tamarings (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) in Colombia. Am J Primatol 1993; 31(3):189-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350310304
17. Wall HS, Worthman C, Else G. Effects of ketamine anesthesia, stress and repeated bleeding on the haematology of vervet monkeys. Lab Anim 1985; 19(2):138-144.
18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367785780942633
20. Dhabhar FS, Miller AH, McEwen BS, Spencer RL. Effects of stress on immune cell distribution – dynamics and hormonal mechanisms. J Immunol 1995; 154(10):5511-5527.
22. Elmesallamy GE, Abass MA, Ahmed-Refat NAG, Atta AH. Differential effects of alprazolam and clonazepam on the immune system and blood vessels of non-stressed and stressed adult male albino rats. Interdiscip Toxicol 2011; 4(3):132-143.
23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10102-011-0021-y
25. Noguchi H. Etiology of yellow fever. II. Transmission experiments on yellow fever. J Exp Med 1919; 29(6):565-84.
26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.29.6.565
28. Reid HA, Herron AJ, Hines ME 2nd, Orchard EA, Altman NH. Leptospirosis in a white-lipped tamarin (Saguinus labiatus). Lab Anim Sci 1993; 43(3):258-9.
30. Baitchman EJ, Calle PP, James SB, Linn MJ, Raphael BL. Leptospirosis in Wied's marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii). J Zoo Wild Med 2006; 37(2):182-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/05-062.1
32. Pinna MH, Martins G, Pinheiro ACO, Almeida DS, Oria AP, Lilenbaum W. Detection of anti-Leptospira antibodies in captive nonhuman primates from Salvador, Brazil. Am J Primatol 2012; 74(1):8-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.21005
34. Gonzalez-Astudillo V, Wehdeking D, Pena-Stadlin JE, Arias-Bernal L, Lombo-Rodriguez DA, Astudillo-Hernandez M. Comparative seroprevalence of Leptospira interrogans in Colombian mammals along a climatic gradient. J Zoo Wild Med 2012; 43(4):768-775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2011-0103R2.1
36. Romero M, Astudillo M, Sanchez J, Gonzalez L, Varela N. Titulos de anticuerpos contra Leptospira sp., en primates del zoológico Matecana, Pereira, Colombia. Rev MVZ Cordoba 2012; 17(3):3224-30.
38. Johnson MAS, Smith H, Joseph P, Gilman RH, Bautista CP, Campos KJ, et al. Enviromental exposure and leptospirosis, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10(6):1016-22 http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1006.030660
40. Levett PN. Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36(4):447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/346208
42. Wells EA, D'Alessandro A, Morales GA, Angel D. Mammalian wildlife diseases as hazards to man and livestock in an area of the Llanos Orientales of Colombia. J Wild Dis 1981; 17(10):153-62.
43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-17.1.153