Epidemiological study and spatial modeling of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in central area of Iran

Estudio epidemiológico y modelación espacial de peste de pequeños rumiantes (PPR) en el área central de Irán

Objective. Estimate the prevalence and spatial modeling of PPR in the small ruminant population of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran, during 2009–2014. Materials and methods. Data were collected from veterinary organization and Offices in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province and data analysis was carried out using and IBM SPSS version 22 and Office 2010. For spatial modeling geographic information system (QGIS and PCI-Geomatic) was used. Results. This study showed that the overall prevalence of PPR during the years 2009 to 2014 was 1.37%. Koohrang, Ardal, Lordegan, Ben, Borougen, Shahrekord, Farsan and Kiar cities had the highest prevalence of PPR, respectively. The highest PPR infection rate was observed in the March and goat more affected rather than other ruminants. Conclusions. Our findings provide evidence of a rather common prevalence of PPR and its spatial distribution in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Using statistical tests for data analysis of PPR and its spatial modeling researchers can predict the incidence of disease in the future and could select appropriate measures of disease control.

1. Zahur AB, Ullah A, Irshad H, Farooq MS, Hussain M, Jahangir M. Epidemiological investigations of a peste des petits ruminants (PPR) outbreak in Afghan sheep in Pakistan. Pakistan Vet J 2009; 29(4):174-178.
3. Diallo A, Minet C, Le Goff C, Berhe G, Albina E, Libeau G, Barrett T. The threat of peste des petits ruminants: progress in vaccine development for disease control. Vaccine 2007; 25(30):5591-5597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.013
5. Venkataramanan R, Bandyopadhyay SK, Oberoi MS. Present status and strategies for the control of transboundary and other economically important animal diseases in India: a review. Indian J Anim Sci 2005; 75(4):456-464.
7. Jones TC, Hunt RD, King NW. Diseases caused by viruses. In: Veterinary Pathology, 6th edition. William and Wilkins, a Waverly Company. Philadelphia, USA; 1997.
9. Shaila MS, Shamaki D, Forsyth MA, Diallo A, Goatley L, Kitching RP, et al. Geographic distribution and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants viruses. Virus Res 1996; 43(2):149-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(96)01312-3
11. Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo H, Samadi Kafi H, Asgharzadeh M, Peste des petits ruminants (PPR): A Serious Threat for Wild Life. ABCmed 2016; 4(2):49-50.
13. Abubakar M, Khan HA, Arshed MJ, Hussain M, Ali Q. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR): disease appraisal with global and Pakistan perspective. Small Rum Res 2011; 96(2):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.10.006
15. Banik SC, Podder SC, Samad MA, Islam MT. Sero-surveillance and immunization in sheep and goats against Peste des petits ruminants in Bangladesh. Bangl J Vet Med 2008; 6(2):185-190.
17. Abubakar M, Jamal SM, Hussain M, Ali Q. Incidence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in sheep and goat as detected by immuno-capture ELISA (Ic ELISA) Small Ruminant Res 2008; 75:256–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.12.001
19. Athar H, Muhammad G, Azim F, Shakoor A, Maqbool A, Chaudhary NI. An outbreak of peste des petits ruminants-like disease among goats in Punjab (Pakistan). Pak Vet J 1995; 15(1):140–143.
21. Hussain M, Muneer M, Jahangir M, Awan AH, Khokhar MA, Zahur AB, et al. Chromatographic strip technology: A pen-side test for the rapid diagnosis of pests des petits ruminants in sheep and goats. Online J Biol Sci 2003; 3(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2003.1.7
23. Singh RP, Saravanan P, Sreenivasa BP, Singh RK, Bandyopadhyay SK. Prevalence and distribution of peste des petits ruminants virus infection in small ruminants in India. Rev Sci Tech 2004; 23(3):807-819. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.23.3.1522
25. Banyard AC, Wang Z, Parida S. Peste des petits ruminants virus, eastern Asia. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(12):2176-8. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2012.140907
27. OIE, 2015. Global control and eradication of peste des petits ruminants. http://www.oie.int/eng/PPR2015/doc/PPR-Advocacy-EN.pdf
29. Mahapatra M, Parida S, Baron M, Barrett T. Matrix protein and glycoproteins F and H of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus function better as a homologous complex. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2021–2029 https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81721-0
31. Awa DN, Njoya A, Ngo–Tama AC. Economics of prophylaxis against peste des petits ruminants and gastrointestinal helminthosis in small ruminants in north Cameroon. Trop Anim Health Prod 2000; 32 (6): 391–403. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005233703331
33. Soundararajan C, Sivakumar T, Ramesh S, Muthukrishnan S, Palanidorai R. Peste des petits ruminants among sheep and goats in an organized farm in Tamil Nadu. Indian Vet J 2006; 83(2):1045-1047.
35. Khan HA, Siddique M, Abubakar M, Arshad MJ, Hussain M. Prevalence and distribution of peste des petitsruminants virus infection in small ruminants. Small Rumin Res 2008; 79(2):152-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.07.021
37. Munir M, Saeed A, Abubakar M, Kanwal S, Berg M. Molecular characterization of Peste des Petits Ruminants viruses from outbreaks caused by unrestricted movements of small ruminants in Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 62(1):108-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12089
39. Raghavendra AG, Gajendragad MR, Sengupta PP, Patil SS, Tiwari CB, Balumahendiran M, et al. Seroepidemiology of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats of southern peninsular India. Rev sci tech Off int Epiz 2008; 27(3):861–867. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.27.3.1838
41. Abubakar M, Arshed MJ, Hussain M, Ali Q. Evidence of peste des petits ruminants in serology of sheep and goats from Sindh, Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 58(2):152- 156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01193.x
43. Soundararajan C, Sivakumar T, Ramesh S, Muthukrishnan S, Palanidorai R. Peste des petits ruminants among sheep and goats in an organized farm in Tamil Nadu. Indian Vet J 2006; 83(10):1045–1047.
45. Balamurugan V, Saravanan P, Sen A, Rajak KK, Bhanuprakash V, Krishnamoorthy P, et al. Sero-epidemiological study of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in India between 2003 and 2009. Rev sci tech Off int Epiz 2011; 30(3):889-896. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.30.3.2087
47. Rashid A, Asim M, Hussain A. Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in goats, sheep and cattle at livestock production research institute Bahadurnagar Okara. J Anim Plant Sci 2008; 18(4):114-116.
49. Al–Dubaib MA. Peste des petitis ruminants morbillivirus infection in lambs and young goats at Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41(2):217–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-008-9178-6
51. Islam MS, Khan MSI, Kader HA, Begum MR, Asgar MA. Prevalence of PPR of goat and their response to antibiotic treatment at Mirzaganj Upazila of Patuakhali Distrtict. J Environ Sci and Natural Resources 2012; 5(2):81–184.
53. Rahman MA, Shadmin I, Noor M, Parvin R, Chowdhury EH, Islam MR. Peste des petits ruminants virus infection of goats in Bangladesh: Pathological investigation, molecular detection and isolation of the virus. The Bangladesh Veterinarian 2011; 28(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v28i1.8808
55. Sarker S, Islam MH. Prevalence and Risk Factor Assessment of Peste des petits ruminants in Goats in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Vet World 2011; 4(12):546–549. https://doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2011.546-549
57. Swai ES, Kapaga A, Kivaria F, Tinuga D, Joshua G, Sanka P. Prevalence and distribution of Peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies in various districts of Tanzania. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:927–936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-009-9311-7
59. Ozkul A, Akea Y, Alkan F. Prevalence, distribution, and host range of peste des petits ruminants virus, Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8(7):708-712. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0807.010471
61. Nargesi I, Pourshaban Kolveiri M, Maghsoudi M. Survey on Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in small ruminants. Ann Appl Biol 2012; 3(10):4842-4844.
63. Wosu LO, Okiri JE, Enwezor PA. Optimal Time for Vaccination Against Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Disease in Goats in Humid Tropical Zone in Southern Nigeria. Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1990; 49(3):283-291.
65. Shadmanesh, A. Sero-prevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus in sheep and goats in north parts of Iran. CIBTech J Zoology 2014; 3(3):13-17.
67. Samad MA. Poshu Palon O Chikitsavidya (Animal Husbandry and Medicine). 2nd Ed, Published by M. Bulbul, Bangladesh Agricultural University campus, Mymenshingh: Bangladesh; 2000.